(Laetiporaceae, Basidiomycota) in tropical Africa is represented by a single Afromontane lineage and four species, including , sp. nov., , sp. nov., and sp. 1.

The tropical African species are revised, based on morphological, ecological, distribution, and phylogenetic data. , originally described from insular Mauritius, is accepted for the species spanning over the African eastern mountain ranges. and are described as new from the African equatorial insular São Tomé, based on phylogenetic, morphological, and distribution data.

Fomes weberianus, 50 years of taxonomic confusion: lectotypification and taxonomic notes.

Fomes weberianus Bres. & Henn. ex Sacc.

A Biophilosophical Approach to the Determination of Brain Death.

Technical and clinical developments have raised challenging questions about the concept and practice of brain death, culminating in recent calls for revision of the Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA), which established a whole brain standard for neurologic death. Proposed changes range from abandoning the concept of brain death altogether to suggesting that current clinical practice simply should be codified as the legal standard for determining death by neurologic criteria (even while acknowledging that significant functions of the whole brain might persist). We propose a middle ground, clarifying why whole brain death is a conceptually sound standard for declaring death, and offering procedural suggestions for increasing certainty that this standard has been met.

Discovery of novel secondary metabolites from the basidiomycete Lentinus cf. sajor-caju and their inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus biofilms.

Three novel derivatives of microporenic acid, microporenic acids H-J, were identified from submerged cultures of a Lentinus species obtained from a basidiome collected during a field trip in the tropical rainforest in Western Kenya. Their structures were elucidated via HR-ESIMS spectra and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopic analyses, as well as by comparison with known derivatives. Applying biofilm assays based on crystal violet staining and confocal microscopy, two of these compounds, microporenic acids H and I, demonstrated the ability to inhibit biofilm formation of the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus.

200 years of taxonomic confusion: Sporendonema and allies.

The genus Sporendonema (Gymnoascaceae, Onygenales) was introduced in 1827 with the type species S. casei for a red mould on cheese. Cheese is a consistent niche for this species.

Phylogeny and taxonomy of , , and other setose hyphomycetes.

, and represent a complex of dematiaceous, setose, saprobic hyphomycetes that are commonly collected on plant litters in tropical, subtropical to temperate climates. Multi-locus analysis (ITS, LSU, ) and morphological studies revealed that and are polyphyletic and species belong to 10 genera grouping in three different clades within , named ( and gen. nov.

Neurite Outgrowth-Inducing Drimane-Type Sesquiterpenoids Isolated from Cultures of the Polypore MUCL 56355.

Abundisporin A (), together with seven previously undescribed drimane sesquiterpenes named abundisporins B-H (-), were isolated from a polypore, MUCL 56355 (Polyporaceae), collected in Kenya. Chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on exhaustive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic measurements and supported by HRESIMS data. The absolute configurations of the isolated compounds were determined by using Mosher's method for - and TDDFT-ECD calculations for and -.

Structural ultrasound of joints and tendons in healthy children: development of normative data.

Background: Musculoskeletal ultrasound is a well accessible technique to assess disease activity in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Knowledge of reference values of joint structures is indispensable to differentiate between physiological and pathological finding. The aim of this study was to assess the structural sonographic features of joints and tendons in healthy children from several age groups (0.

Two new lanostanoid glycosides isolated from a Kenyan polypore .

Chemical exploration of solid-state cultures of the polypore afforded two new C31 lanostane-type triterpenoid glycosides, forpiniosides B () and C () together with two known derivatives, namely 3-epipachymic acid () and (3α,25)-3--malonyl-23-oxolanost-8,24(31)-dien-26-oic acid (). The structures of the isolated compounds were established based on HRESIMS and extensive 1D and 2D NMR experiments. All the isolated compounds were assessed for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.

Rethinking Brain Death-Why "Dead Enough" Is Not Good Enough: The UDDA Revision Series.

The emergence of cases of so-called "chronic brain death" seems to undermine the biophilosophical justification of brain death as true death, which was grounded in the idea that death entails the loss of integration of the organism. Severely neurologically damaged patients who can persist for years with proper support seem to be integrated organisms, and common sense suggests that they are not dead. We argue, however, that mere integration is not enough for an organism to be alive, but that living beings must be substantially -integrating (i.

Segregation of the genus (Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales) from by a polyphasic taxonomic approach.

During a mycological survey of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a fungal specimen that morphologically resembled the American species was encountered. A polyphasic approach including morphological and chemotaxonomic together with a multigene phylogenetic study (ITS, LSU, , and ) of spp. and representatives of related genera revealed that this strain represents a new species of the Hypoxylaceae.

Heimionones A-E, New Sesquiterpenoids Produced by sp., a Basidiomycete Collected in Africa.

With heimionones A-E (-), five new terpenoids were isolated from submerged cultures of sp. in addition to the previously described compounds hispidin, hypholomin B, and heimiomycins A and B. Planar structures of the metabolites were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR in addition to HRESIMS data.

Calamene-Type Sesqui-, Mero-, and Bis-sesquiterpenoids from Cultures of sp., a Basidiomycete Collected in Africa.

New meroterpenoids bis-heimiomycins A-D (-) and heimiomycins D and E ( and ) were isolated from solid rice cultures of sp., while new calamene-type sesquiterpenoids heimiocalamene A () and B () were isolated from shake cultures, respectively. Structures of the metabolites were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR in addition to HRESIMS data.

Screening of Antibacterial Activity of Some Resupinate Fungi, Reveal sp. nov. (Russulales) against from Ecuador.

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a serious public health problem that needs new antibacterial compounds for control. Fungi, including resupinated fungi, are a potential source to discover new bioactive compounds efficient again to bacteria resistant to antibiotics. The inhibitory capacity against the bacterial species was statistically evaluated.

Neurotrophic and Immunomodulatory Lanostane Triterpenoids from Wood-Inhabiting Basidiomycota.

Neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor (ngf) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) play important roles in the central nervous system. They are potential therapeutic drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In this study, we investigated the neurotrophic properties of triterpenes isolated from fruiting bodies of and a mycelial culture of sp.

Drimane-Type Sesquiterpenoids Derived from the Tropical Basidiomycetes and sp. nov.

Five new drimane-type sesquiterpenoids were isolated from cultures of the tropical basidiomycetes, (originating from Kenya) and sp. nov. (originating from Thailand).

and allied fusarioid taxa (FUSA). 1.

Seven species complexes are treated, namely species complex (FASC) (two species), species complex (FBSC) (five species), species complex (FBURSC) (three species), species complex (FCAMSC) (three species), species complex (FCSC) (eight species), species complex (FCCSC) (five species) and the species complex (FCOSC) (four species). New species include from soil (Zimbabwe), and from soil associated with (Netherlands). New combinations include and Newly validated taxa include , , , and .

Fungal Planet description sheets: 1383-1435.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: , , and on soil, from stem cankers of , from stem of , and from leaves of , as endophyte from roots of , from stem of , from leaves of × and from roots of , from intertidal wood and (incl. gen. nov.

Meroterpenoids Possibly Produced by a Bacterial Endosymbiont of the Tropical Basidiomycete .

A mycelial culture of the African basidiomycete cf. was studied for biologically active secondary metabolites, and four compounds were isolated from its crude extract derived from shake flask fermentations, using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The pure metabolites were identified using extensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS).