Genetic trans-complementation of L-protease fails to rescue the infectious foot-and-mouth disease virus from the Lb defective genome.

Outbreaks of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) have major economic impact on the global livestock industry by affecting the animal health and product safety. L-protease, a non-structural protein of FMDV, is a papain-like cysteine proteinase involved in viral protein processing as well as cleavage of host proteins for promoting the virus growth. FMDV synthesizes two forms of leader proteinase, L (Lab and Lb), where the deletion of Lab is lethal and Lb deletion is reported to be attenuated.

In-process quality control in foot-and-mouth disease vaccine production by detection of viral non-structural proteins using chemiluminescence dot blot assay.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious viral disease of cloven-footed animals. Immunization with inactivated virus vaccine is effective to control the disease. Six-monthly vaccination regimen in endemic regions has proven to be effective.

Experimental infection of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) upregulates the expression of Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) in the myocardium of suckling mice.

The relative overexpression of Coxsackie and adenoviral receptor (CAR) predisposes children to viral myocarditis. As the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes fatal myocarditis in calves, lambs, and piglets and belongs to the same family as the Coxsackie virus, we investigated the role of CAR in FMDV induced myocarditis in the suckling mice model. Swiss albino suckling mice of 5 days (n = 24) were divided into two equal groups.

Production of polyclonal viperin antisera using N-terminal deleted recombinant bovine viperin.

Viperin, also known as radical S-adenosyl methionine domain-containing protein (RSAD2) is a multifunctional interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) that is activated during the viral infections. Viperin belongs to S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) superfamily of enzymes known to catalyze radical-mediated reactions and viperin inhibits a wide range of DNA and RNA viruses through its broad range of activity. The present study reports cloning and expression of bovine viperin in a bacterial expression system.

Infection and protection responses of deletion mutants of non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia1 in guinea pigs.

The development of a negative marker vaccine against the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) will enhance the capabilities to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals and move forward in the progressive control pathway for the control of FMD. Here, we report the development of mutant FMDV of Asia1 with partial deletion of non-structural proteins 3A and 3B and characterization of their infectivity and protection response in the guinea pig model. The deleted FMDV Asia1/IND/63/1972 mutants, pAsia and pAsia were constructed from the full-length infectious clone pAsia, the viable virus was rescued, and the genetic stability of the mutants was confirmed by 20 monolayer passages in BHK21 cells.

Characterization of arrhythmias, evaluation of cardiac biomarkers and their association with survival in calves suffering from foot-and-mouth disease.

Introduction: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) causes mortality in calves due to myocarditis; however, the effects of FMD virus on cardiac arrhythmogenesis and Purkinje cells are unknown. Identifying diagnostic and prognostic markers in FMD-affected calves may be useful in disease management in the endemic countries.

Materials And Methods: A total of 81 FMD-affected calves were prospectively monitored till death or recovery.

Short-term effect of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination on the milk yield in the Deoni and crossbred cows.

Biannual vaccination of the cattle with inactivated foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine is the control strategy in endemic countries. Reduction in the milk yield is one of the main reasons for poor compliance of the cattle owners to FMD vaccination. As it can adversely affect the herd immunity, the present study aimed to quantify the losses in the milk yield post-FMD vaccination.

Foot and mouth disease virus undergoes non-progressive replication in mice peritoneal macrophages and induces M1 polarization.

Despite the fact that macrophages link the innate and adaptive arms of immunity, it's role in the early infection of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) is largely unknown. Recently, depletion of macrophages in vivo after vaccination has shown to drastically diminish the protection against FMDV challenge in mouse model. Even the ability of macrophages to reduce or resist FMDV infection is not known hitherto.

Successful treatment of cardiac dysrhythmia associated with foot and mouth disease in a calf.

Background: Foot and mouth disease (FMD), which causes myocarditis, results in 50% sudden death in the suckling calves. Occurrence of arrhythmias associated with FMD induced myocarditis in calves is not reported . ‏‏‏The present work documents the arrhythmias associated with FMD in calf and their treatment using appropriate antiarrhythmic drugs.

Generation of acid resistant virus like particles of vaccine strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV).

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious viral disease affecting cloven hoofed livestock. Insect cell expressed virus like particles (VLPs) are potential alternative to overcome the limitations of inactivated vaccine. However, at pH < 6.

Expression of bovine interleukin 15 in and study on its biological activity: a T-cell activator.

Interleukin 15 (IL-15) plays crucial role as stimulatory cytokine in generation and proliferation of CD8 T memory cells. The present study was initiated to analyze the role of yeast-expressed bovine IL-15 in inducing the CD8 T memory cells. The bIL-15 was cloned in pPICZαA expression vector.

Mutation in the VP2 gene of P1-2A capsid protein increases the thermostability of virus-like particles of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important, global disease of cloven-hoofed animals. The conventional vaccine could bring down the incidence of disease in many parts of the world but has many limitations and in India, the disease is enzootic. More promisingly, the alternate vaccine candidates, virus-like particles (VLPs) are as immunogenic as a native virus but are more labile to heat than the live virus capsids.

Expression and purification of biologically active bovine Interferon λ3 (IL28B) in Pichia pastoris.

Interferon lambda-3 (IFNλ3) which is also known as IL28B is a member of type III Interferons which are structurally and genetically different from type I Interferons. These Interferons induce signal transduction pathways similar to type I Interferons which results in the activation of Interferon Stimulated Genes (ISGs). This group of Interferons are tissue specific and reported to have antiviral activity.

Adjuvantation of inactivated Foot and Mouth Disease Virus vaccine with IL-15 expressing plasmid improves the immune response in Guinea Pigs.

Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious disease affecting cloven footed animals. Vaccination using inactivated virus is followed to control the disease. As the immune response conferred by the inactivated vaccine is short lived, there is a need for an alternate vaccine with increased duration of immunity.

Expression of biologically active bovine interleukin 7 and evaluating the activity in vitro.

Aim: Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a ϒc family cytokine involved in the homeostatic proliferation and maintenance of immune cells. In the present study, we report the expression of bovine IL-7 (bIL-7) in Escherichia coli and evaluated for its biological activity.

Materials And Methods: The sequence coding for bIL-7 (mature protein) was amplified from primary bovine kidney cell culture and cloned into pET28-a vector and expressed in E.

Expression of bovine interleukin 15 and evaluation of its biological activity in vitro.

Background/aim: Recent studies have shown that interleukin-15 (IL-15)is a critical factor for the development and proliferation of CD8(+) memory T cells. The aim of present study is to study the role bovine IL-15 (bIL-15)in activation pathway of bovine CD8(+) T cells if any, which will be useful in designing the adjuvant to increase the duration of immunity of the vaccine preparations.

Materials And Methods: Coding region of bIL-15 (489) was amplified from cDNA of lipopolysaccharide-induced bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using gene specific primers and cloned into pcDNA3.

Cloning and expression of Bos indicus interleukin-4 in mammalian cells.

Dendritic cells (DC) which are located at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity are targets of infection by many RNA and DNA viruses. Advances in the ex vivo generation of monocyte derived non proliferating dendritic cells have been used for clinical application like immunotherapy. IL-4 cytokine plays essential role in the maturation and generation of DCs.

Growth kinetics and immune response of chimeric foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype 'O' produced through replication competent mini genome of serotype Asia 1, 63/72, in BHK cell lines.

Regular vaccinations with potent vaccine, in endemic countries and vaccination to live in non-endemic countries are the methods available to control foot-and-mouth disease. Selection of candidate vaccine strain is not only cumbersome but the candidate should grow well for high potency vaccine preparation. Alternative strategy is to generate an infectious cDNA of a cell culture-adapted virus and use the replicon for development of tailor-made vaccines.

DNA prime-protein boost strategy with replicase-based DNA vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease in bovine calves.

The limited efficacy of DNA vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in cattle and other natural hosts has prompted a search for a more effective vaccination regimen. In this study we tested a DNA prime-protein boost vaccination strategy against FMD in bovine calves. We used purified recombinant FMDV specific multi-epitope protein (rMEG990) and an optimized sindbis virus replicase-based DNA vaccine expressing this protein (pSinCMV-Vac-MEG990).

Expression of VP1 protein of serotype A and O of foot-and-mouth disease virus in transgenic sunnhemp plants and its immunogenicity for guinea pigs.

Unlabelled: Recently, transgenic plants expressing immunogenic proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have been used as oral or parenteral vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). They exhibit advantages like cost effectiveness, absence of processing, thermostability, and easy oral application. FMDV VP1 protein of single serotype has been mostly used as immunogen.

Cationic microparticle [poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)]-coated DNA vaccination induces a long-term immune response against foot and mouth disease in guinea pigs.

Background: Foot and mouth disease (FMD) can be controlled by regular vaccination and restriction of the movement of infected animals in the endemic countries. Although presently used, tissue culture inactivated vaccine gives protection, it has several limitations, including a short duration of immunity. DNA vaccine delivered through microparticles could comprise an alternative approach to conventional vaccine when aiming to circumvent these limitations.

Self Replicating Gene Vaccine Carrying P1-2A Gene of FMDV Serotype O and its Effects on the Immune Responses of Cattle.

DNA vaccines are considered as alternatives to live attenuated ones for those diseases like foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) where the production and application of live vaccines have been found unsuccessful. However, stability of DNA and the quantity of antigen expressed are the major limitation with naked DNA vaccines. To address these issues self replicating gene vaccine construct was made for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) type 'O' and studied.

Improved immune response by ID-pVAC: a secretory DNA vaccine construct delivered by PLG micro particles against foot and mouth disease in guinea pigs.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks usually have devastating effects on the economy of countries were disease is endemic due to direct and indirect cost; most of them related to international trade embargoes of animals and animal products. Although currently used inactivated vaccine provides protection, it has several drawbacks like short duration of immunity, and the requirement for containment facilities. A DNA vaccine construct which expresses the secretary antigens, delivered through micro particles could be one of the alternate approaches to overcome these limitations.

Expression of bovine (Bos indicus) interleukin-18 in Escherichia coli and its biological activity.

IL-18 modulates immune functions by inducing IFN-γ production and promoting Th1 immune responses. In the present study, we amplified and cloned the sequence (582 bp) encoding full-length bovine IL-18 from PBMC stimulated with PHA. The nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequence of Bos indicus IL-18 showed an identity of 86-98% compared with IL-18 sequences of other ruminants.