Developmental Model of Parent-Child Coordination for Self-Regulation Across Childhood and Into Emerging Adulthood: Type 1 Diabetes Management as an Example.

Developing individuals and their families benefit from a warm and supportive relationship that fosters the development of good self-regulatory skills in the child needed for a host of positive developmental outcomes. Children and parents face special challenges to self-regulation when faced with a child's chronic illness. A developmental model is presented that traces how positive parental involvement is coordinated with a child's self-regulation skills (regulation of cognition, emotion, and behavior) that are essential for positive health management.

Developmental processes associated with longitudinal declines in parental responsibility and adherence to type 1 diabetes management across adolescence.

Objective: To identify whether changes in pubertal status and self-efficacy for diabetes management are associated with longitudinal declines in parental responsibility for diabetes, and to determine whether these factors moderate associations between declining parental responsibility and deteriorating adherence across adolescence.

Methods: Adolescents (N = 252; 53.6% females) with type 1 diabetes, mothers, and 188 fathers participated in a 2.

The structure of parental involvement and relations to disease management for youth with type 1 diabetes.

Objective: To test structural models of parental involvement in type 1 diabetes and to examine associations of parental involvement with adherence and metabolic control.

Methods: Two hundred and fifty-two young adolescents (10-14 years) completed reports of adherence and parents' involvement: acceptance, independence encouragement, communication, general and diabetes-specific monitoring, frequency of help, and intrusive support. HbA(1c) values came from medical records.

The fit between stress appraisal and dyadic coping in understanding perceived coping effectiveness for adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

This study examined whether perceived coping effectiveness (PCE) was associated with better diabetes management and was higher when adolescents' dyadic coping was matched to shared stress appraisals. There were 252 adolescents with Type 1 diabetes who completed stress and coping interviews where they appraised mothers' and fathers' involvement in stress ownership (mine, indirectly shared, directly shared with parent), in coping (uninvolved, supportive, collaborative, or controlling), and rated their effectiveness in coping. Adolescents completed assessments of depressive symptoms (Children's Depression Inventory), self-care behaviors (Self-Care Inventory), and efficacy of disease management (Diabetes Self-Efficacy).

Mothers', fathers', and children's perceptions of parental diabetes responsibility in adolescence: examining the roles of age, pubertal status, and efficacy.

Objectives: To examine how perceptions of parental responsibility for diabetes management are associated with age, pubertal status, adolescents' self-efficacy, and parental perceptions of adolescents' efficacy, and if parental responsibility is associated with better metabolic control as a function of adolescents' self-efficacy and parental perceptions of adolescents' efficacy.

Methods: Questionnaires assessing parental responsibility, pubertal status, adolescents' self-efficacy, and parental perceptions of adolescents' efficacy were given to 185 adolescents with type 1 diabetes, 185 mothers, and 145 fathers.

Results: Greater parental responsibility was negatively associated with age, perceptions of pubertal status, and efficacy for all reporters.

Role of parental monitoring in understanding the benefits of parental acceptance on adolescent adherence and metabolic control of type 1 diabetes.

Objective: This study examined 1) whether the benefits of mothers' and fathers' accepting relationships with their adolescents regarding diabetes control were due to parental monitoring and 2) how parents together may provide sufficient acceptance and monitoring for diabetes management.

Research Design And Methods: Adolescents aged 10-14 years with type 1 diabetes (n = 185) and their mothers (n = 185) and fathers (n = 145) completed assessments of parental acceptance and monitoring of diabetes tasks. Adolescents completed a modified version of the Self-Care Inventory (1) to measure adherence.

Mother child appraised involvement in coping with diabetes stressors and emotional adjustment.

Objective: To examine how children's and mother's appraisals of each other's involvement in coping with diabetes events are associated with emotional adjustment.

Methods: One hundred and twenty-seven children (ages 10-15 years) with type 1 diabetes and their mothers reported on their own emotional adjustment and how each other was involved in coping strategies surrounding diabetes stressful events.

Results: Appraisals that mothers and children were uninvolved with each other's stressors were associated with greater depressive symptoms and less positive mood; children's appraisals of mother's supportive involvement with children's less depressive symptoms, and appraisals of collaborative involvement with less depressive symptoms and more positive mood for both mothers and children.

Mother and adolescent representations of illness ownership and stressful events surrounding diabetes.

Objective: To assess the extent to which adolescents with diabetes and their mothers appraise diabetes as a shared entity across adolescence through (a) assessing appraisals of illness ownership and their relationship to joint responsibility for daily diabetes tasks, (b) exploring whether appraisals of shared illness ownership are associated with congruent views of what is stressful about diabetes, and (c) examining whether age-related declines occur in these shared appraisals across adolescence.

Methods: One hundred twenty-seven adolescents (ages 10-15 years, M = 12.8) and their mothers completed an interview that probed appraisals of illness ownership, the most stressful events surrounding diabetes in the past week, and a questionnaire regarding who was responsible for performing diabetes-related tasks.

Children's appraisals of maternal involvement in coping with diabetes: enhancing our understanding of adherence, metabolic control, and quality of life across adolescence.

Objective: To examine how children's appraisals of maternal involvement in coping with diabetes are associated with adherence, metabolic control, and quality of life across adolescence.

Methods: Children (N = 127, ages 10-15 years) with type 1 diabetes completed measures of adherence, quality of life, and appraisals of mothers' involvement in dealing with diabetes problems (i.e.

The role of autonomy and pubertal status in understanding age differences in maternal involvement in diabetes responsibility across adolescence.

Objective: To examine how autonomy and pubertal status explain age decreases in maternal involvement in type 1 diabetes management across adolescence, how they relate to metabolic control, and the reasons that guide declines in maternal involvement.

Methods: One hundred twenty-seven children ages 10-15 years with type 1 diabetes and their mothers participated. Data included maternal and child report of diabetes management, child report of autonomy level, maternal report of pubertal status, maternal reports of reasons for transfer of diabetes responsibility, and glycosylated hemoglobin (Hba(1c)) values.