Trajectory of ghrelin and PYY around a test meal in males and females with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder versus healthy controls.

Disruptions in appetite-regulating hormones may contribute to the development and/or maintenance of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). No study has previously assessed fasting levels of orexigenic ghrelin or anorexigenic peptide YY (PYY), nor their trajectory in response to food intake among youth with ARFID across the weight spectrum. We measured fasting and postprandial (30, 60, 120 minutes post-meal) levels of ghrelin and PYY among 127 males and females with full and subthreshold ARFID (n = 95) and healthy controls (HC; n = 32).

The relationship between individual symptom connectivity and global eating disorder symptom severity.

Background: The network approach has emerged as a useful framework for conceptualizing and investigating psychopathology, including eating disorders. Network connectivity, that is, the density of the connections among network nodes, has been somewhat neglected despite its theoretical relevance. As predicted by network theory, symptom connectivity would be distinct but related to symptom severity and may be a useful clinical indicator of psychopathology as stronger and/or more diffuse connections among symptoms offer more avenues for symptom activation.

Examining changes in binge-eating disorder network centrality and structure in patients treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy versus interpersonal psychotherapy.

Objective: A sizeable minority of patients with binge-eating disorder (BED) do not fully respond to evidence-based treatments. Evidence to guide refinements of treatments is needed. Conceptualizing BED as arising from a network of symptom-to-symptom interactions allows for identification of the most strongly connected symptoms, which could inform intervention targets.

Integrating fear of fatness into sociocultural models of body image and eating concerns.

To date, sociocultural models of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating have predominantly focused on the pursuit of thinness and have somewhat neglected sociocultural discourse and pressures that increase fear of fatness. Therefore, we tested a model to determine whether sociocultural pressures from media and interpersonal sources were associated with drive for thinness and fear of fatness. We also examined whether beliefs about the controllability of shape and weight were in turn associated with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating.

Eighteen-month Course and Outcome of Adolescent Restrictive Eating Disorders: Persistence, Crossover, and Recovery.

Objective: In adults, low-weight restrictive eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa (AN), are marked by chronicity and diagnostic crossover from restricting to binge-eating/purging. Less is known about the naturalistic course of these eating disorders in adolescents, particularly atypical AN (atyp-AN) and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). To inform nosology of low-weight restrictive eating disorders in adolescents, we examined outcomes including persistence, crossover, and recovery in an 18-month observational study.

Accountability in promoting representation of historically marginalized racial and ethnic populations in the eating disorders field: A call to action.

Promoting representation of historically marginalized racial and ethnic populations in the eating disorders (EDs) field among professionals and the populations studied and served has long been discussed, with limited progress. This may be due to a reinforcing feedback loop in which individuals from dominant cultures conduct research and deliver treatment, participate in research, and receive diagnoses and treatment. This insularity maintains underrepresentation: EDs in historically marginalized populations are understudied, undetected, and undertreated.

Intuitive Eating among Parents: Associations with the Home Food and Meal Environment.

Background: Parents have a role in shaping the eating behaviors of young children and the intergenerational transmission of eating attitudes. However, little is known regarding how parental intuitive eating practices are related to characteristics of home food and meal environments.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between parental intuitive eating and the home food and meal environment.

Anhedonia in eating disorders: A meta-analysis and systematic review.

Objective: Anhedonia, or loss of pleasure, is related to deficits in reward processing across a variety of psychiatric disorders. In light of research suggesting abnormal reward processing in eating disorders (EDs), the study of anhedonia in EDs may yield important insights into the role of reward in eating pathology. This meta-analysis and review aimed to provide both a quantitative and qualitative synthesis of the existing literature on this topic.

Body image and internalization of appearance ideals in Black women: An update and call for culturally-sensitive research.

Extant research on body image supports sociocultural theories emphasizing the internalization of societal pressures to attain the thin-ideal, as well as other White or Eurocentric ideals that are predominant in mainstream media. While earlier research suggests that Black women are less likely to report body dissatisfaction and thin-ideal internalization compared to women of other racial backgrounds, recent studies argue that most measures of body image and appearance ideals may not be accurate assessments of body dissatisfaction for this population. In this paper, we summarize the literature over the past two decades on body image and appearance ideals among cisgender Black girls and women and discuss the applications of well-established sociocultural theories of body dissatisfaction.

Clinical moderators and predictors of cognitive-behavioral therapy by guided-self-help versus therapist-led for binge-eating disorder: Analysis of aggregated clinical trials.

Objective: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)-therapist-led (CBTth) and guided-self-help (CBTgsh)-has efficacy for binge-eating disorder (BED) but many patients do not benefit sufficiently. We examined predictors and moderators for these two CBT methods.

Method: Data were aggregated from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing psychosocial treatments for BED in the U.

Development and validation of the Sociocultural Influences on Fear of Fat Scale (SI-FAT).

The stigmatization of larger bodies is omnipresent in Western society and may be associated with fear of fat, one of the core elements of body image and eating concerns. To date, while much work has focused on sociocultural influences towards thinness, parallel work exploring sociocultural influence on fear of fat is lacking. This study therefore aimed to develop and evaluate a measure of sociocultural influences on fear of fat (SI-FAT).

"Waste not and stay at home" evidence of decreased food waste during the COVID-19 pandemic from the U.S. and Italy.

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly disrupted household food purchasing and preparation, including elements identified as important drivers of household food waste. The two main aims of this study were (1) to examine changes in food waste behaviors since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S.

Muscle dysmorphia: A systematic and meta-analytic review of the literature to assess diagnostic validity.

Objective: Although muscle dysmorphia (MD) is a new addition to DSM-5 as a specifier of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), previous studies have treated MD as a stand-alone diagnosis. We aimed to assess the validity of MD as a stand-alone diagnosis via systematic and meta-analytic review of MD literature using both Robins and Guze criteria and additional criteria from Kendler.

Method: We performed a systematic search of ProQuest, PsycInfo, and PubMed databases for the period of January 1993 to October 2019 resulting in 40 papers to examine Robins and Guze's criteria (clinical picture) as well as those added by Kendler (antecedent validators; concurrent validators; predictive validators).

Behavioral symptoms of eating disorders among adopted adolescents and young adults in the United States: Findings from the Add Health survey.

Objective: More adopted individuals report experiencing general psychopathology, poor parental attachment, and early childhood eating difficulties than nonadopted individuals, yet little is known about disordered eating in this population. This study sought to describe the relationship between adoption status and behavioral eating-disorder (ED) symptoms, and to examine potential correlates of ED symptoms that are unique to adopted individuals.

Method: We examined data from adolescents and young adults from Waves 1 (n adopted = 561, nonadopted = 20,184), 2 (n adopted = 211, nonadopted = 14,525), and 3 (n adopted = 416, nonadopted = 14,754) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on eating disorder risk and symptoms.

The current COVID-19 pandemic has created a global context likely to increase eating disorder (ED) risk and symptoms, decrease factors that protect against EDs, and exacerbate barriers to care. Three pathways exist by which this pandemic may exacerbate ED risk. One, the disruptions to daily routines and constraints to outdoor activities may increase weight and shape concerns, and negatively impact eating, exercise, and sleeping patterns, which may in turn increase ED risk and symptoms.

An investigation of distress tolerance and difficulties in emotion regulation in the drive for muscularity among women.

Despite the negative emotional experiences that often accompany the pursuit of an idealized appearance, we know little about emotion regulation in the context of female drive for muscularity. To address this knowledge gap, we examined whether distress tolerance and difficulties in emotion regulation were significantly associated with the drive for toned muscularity among women. In this study, 221 Australian university women completed an online survey assessing drive for muscularity, distress tolerance, and emotion regulation difficulties.

Identifying duration criteria for eating-disorder remission and recovery through intensive modeling of longitudinal data.

Objective: Outcome states, such as remission and recovery, include specific duration criteria for which individuals must be asymptomatic. Ideally, duration criteria provide predictive validity to outcome states by reducing symptom-return risk. However, available research is insufficient for deriving specific recommendations for remission or recovery duration criteria for eating disorders.

Negative psychological correlates of the pursuit of muscularity among women.

Objective: There is increasing public and scientific focus on women's pursuit of a muscular and toned appearance. However, the psychological correlates of women's drive for muscularity are currently unclear. Therefore, we examined the associations of drive for muscularity with four important negative psychological indices among women: eating disorder (ED) symptoms, and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress.

Ethnic and racial diversity in eating disorder prevention trials.

Recruiting diverse samples for prevention trials is challenging, but essential. This paper provides baseline data for four racial/ethnic groups from a randomized controlled trial of a mobile-based prevention intervention and systematically reviews recruitment trends in diversity across technology-based prevention studies. Female emerging adults completed measures of appearance esteem, body image flexibility, appearance comparison, and self-compassion.

Eating disorder recovery is associated with absence of major depressive disorder and substance use disorders at 22-year longitudinal follow-up.

Background: Psychiatric comorbidity is common in eating disorders (EDs) and associated with poor outcomes, including increased risk for relapse and premature death. Yet little is known about comorbidity following ED recovery.

Methods: We examined two common comorbidities, major depressive disorder (MDD) and substance use disorder (SUD), in adult women with intake diagnoses of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa who participated in a 22-year longitudinal study.

Impact of expanded diagnostic criteria for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder on clinical comparisons with anorexia nervosa.

Objective: Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) and anorexia nervosa (AN) are restrictive eating disorders. There is a proposal before the American Psychiatric Association to broaden the current DSM-5 criteria for ARFID, which currently require dietary intake that is inadequate to support energy or nutritional needs. We compared the clinical presentations of ARFID and AN in an outpatient sample to determine how a more inclusive definition of ARFID, heterogeneous for age and weight status, is distinct from AN.

Gender differences in eating disorder psychopathology across DSM-5 severity categories of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Objective: This study examined whether patterns of eating-disorder (ED) psychopathology differed by gender across DSM-5 severity specifiers in anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN).

Method: We tested whether ED psychopathology differed across DSM-5 severity specifiers among 532 adults (76% female) in a residential treatment center with AN or BN. We hypothesized that severity of ED psychopathology would increase in tandem with increasing severity classifications for both males and females with AN and BN.