Topical Review: Retinally Induced Aniseikonia.

We review retinally induced aniseikonia, an underrecognized condition resulting from common retinal conditions that has a significant effect on quality of life. Optometrists can influence the timing of surgical intervention to mitigate the damage from delaying surgical intervention in patients whose other findings do not meet a surgeon's treatment threshold.Aniseikonia due to optical differences between the eyes occurs in 1 to 3.

Visual-motor integration skills: accuracy of predicting reading.

Purpose: This article investigated the contribution of visual-motor integration (VMI) to reading ability when known predictors of later reading outcomes were also present in the data analysis.

Methods: Participants included 778 first and second grade students from a large diverse urban district in Texas. The data were analyzed using multiple regression models with a forced entry of predictors for each regression model, and each model was run separately for each outcome.

Partial correction of irregular aniseikonia secondary to retinal traction.

Purpose: This case report presents the management of symptomatic retinally induced aniseikonia and a short review of the literature pertaining to two clinical tests used in the measurement and management of aniseikonia. The clinician is also provided a review of how to design eikonic lenses.

Case Report: A 30-year-old white male presented with symptoms of perceived image size difference after scleral buckle repair for retinal detachment in the right eye.

Systemic but not mucosal immunity induced by AVA prevents inhalational anthrax.

Improved vaccines and adjuvants are being developed to reduce the threat posed by a terrorist attack involving aerosolized anthrax spores. Nevertheless, uncertainty persists concerning the relative benefits of inducing mucosal vs systemic immunity to host survival following inhalational exposure to anthrax spores. This work examines the effect of delivering the licensed human vaccine (anthrax vaccine adsorbed, AVA) combined with a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) adjuvant intraperitoneally or intranasally to A/J mice.

Comparative anticholinergic activities of 10 histamine H1 receptor antagonists in two functional models.

We determined the relative rank orders of anticholinergic potencies of 10 antihistamines in two functional bioassays: (1) an in vitro assay measuring inhibition of carbachol-induced contractions of isolated guinea pig trachealis muscle, (2) an in vivo bioassay comparing systemic hypotensive responses to bolus i.v. injections of acetylcholine before and after infusions of an antihistamine in anaesthetized rats.

CpG oligonucleotides improve the protective immune response induced by the anthrax vaccination of rhesus macaques.

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG motifs act as immune adjuvants, improving the immune response elicited by co-administered vaccines. Combining CpG ODN with anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA, the licensed human vaccine) increased the speed, magnitude and avidity of the resultant anti-anthrax response. The protective activity of these Abs was established by passive transfer to anthrax-challenged mice.

Use of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as immune adjuvants.

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs directly stimulate human B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), thereby promoting the production of T helper 1 (Th1) and pro-inflammatory cytokines and the maturation/activation of professional antigen-presenting cells. These activities enable CpG ODNs to act as immune adjuvants, accelerating and boosting antigen-specific immune responses by 5-500-fold. These effects are optimized by maintaining close physical contact between the CpG DNA and the immunogen.