Prescribing patterns for paediatric hyperopia among paediatric eye care providers.

Purpose: To survey paediatric eye care providers to identify current patterns of prescribing for hyperopia.

Methods: Paediatric eye care providers were invited, via email, to participate in a survey to evaluate current age-based refractive error prescribing practices. Questions were designed to determine which factors may influence the survey participant's prescribing pattern (e.

Vision Screening, Vision Disorders, and Impacts of Hyperopia in Young Children: Outcomes of the Vision in Preschoolers (VIP) and Vision in Preschoolers - Hyperopia in Preschoolers (VIP-HIP) Studies.

This review summarizes clinically relevant outcomes from the Vision in Preschoolers (VIP) and VIP-Hyperopia in Preschoolers (VIP-HIP) studies. In VIP, refraction tests (retinoscopy, Retinomax, SureSight) and Lea Symbols Visual Acuity performed best in identifying children with vision disorders. For lay screeners, Lea Symbols single, crowded visual acuity (VA) testing (VIP, 5-foot) was significantly better than linear, crowded testing (10-foot).

Ophthalmic manifestations in Costello syndrome caused by Ras pathway dysregulation during development.

Background: Costello syndrome (CS) is a multisystem developmental disorder caused by germline pathogenic variants in resulting in dysregulation of the Ras pathway. A systematic characterization of ophthalmic manifestations provides a unique opportunity to understand the role of Ras signal transduction in ocular development and guide optimal ophthalmic care in CS individuals.

Methods: Visual function, ocular features and genotype/phenotype correlations were evaluated in CS individuals harboring pathogenic variants, by cross-sectional and retrospective studies, and were recruited through the Costello Syndrome Family Network (CSFN) between 2007 and 2020.

The Impact of Presentation Mode and Technology on Reading Comprehension among Blind and Sighted Individuals.

Significance: Technological advancements have made distributing reading materials in audio formats more common. Investigating how presentation mode impacts comprehension among sighted and blind individuals will inform the distribution of information to enhance comprehension.

Purpose: The aims were (1) to investigate the hypothesis that reading comprehension is enhanced by increased physical engagement and cognitive effort through text or braille and (2) to explore how assistive technology impacts comprehension for blind individuals.

Joint engagement in infants and its relationship to their visual impairment measurements.

Coordination of attention between a social partner and an external focus of shared interest, called joint engagement, is associated with positive developmental outcomes such as better language, socio-emotional, and theory of mind skills in sighted infants. Current measures of joint engagement rely on an infant's visual behaviors, making it difficult to study joint engagement in infants with low or no vision. In a naturalistic observational study, 20 infants with various levels of visual impairments - mean ages: 1.

Risk factors for astigmatism in the Vision in Preschoolers Study.

Purpose: To determine demographic and refractive risk factors for astigmatism in the Vision in Preschoolers Study.

Methods: Three- to 5-year-old Head Start preschoolers (N = 4040) from five clinical centers underwent comprehensive eye examinations by study-certified optometrists and ophthalmologists, including monocular visual acuity testing, cover testing, and cycloplegic retinoscopy. Astigmatism was defined as the presence of greater than or equal to +1.

Associations between hyperopia and other vision and refractive error characteristics.

Purpose: To investigate the association of hyperopia greater than +3.25 diopters (D) with amblyopia, strabismus, anisometropia, astigmatism, and reduced stereoacuity in preschoolers.

Methods: Three- to five-year-old Head Start preschoolers (N = 4040) underwent vision examination including monocular visual acuity (VA), cover testing, and cycloplegic refraction during the Vision in Preschoolers Study.

Accuracy of noncycloplegic retinoscopy, retinomax autorefractor, and SureSight vision screener for detecting significant refractive errors.

Purpose: To evaluate, by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the ability of noncycloplegic retinoscopy (NCR), Retinomax Autorefractor (Retinomax), and SureSight Vision Screener (SureSight) to detect significant refractive errors (RE) among preschoolers.

Methods: Refraction results of eye care professionals using NCR, Retinomax, and SureSight (n = 2588) and of nurse and lay screeners using Retinomax and SureSight (n = 1452) were compared with masked cycloplegic retinoscopy results. Significant RE was defined as hyperopia greater than +3.

Stereoacuity of preschool children with and without vision disorders.

Purpose: To evaluate associations between stereoacuity and presence, type, and severity of vision disorders in Head Start preschool children and determine testability and levels of stereoacuity by age in children without vision disorders.

Methods: Stereoacuity of children aged 3 to 5 years (n = 2898) participating in the Vision in Preschoolers (VIP) Study was evaluated using the Stereo Smile II test during a comprehensive vision examination. This test uses a two-alternative forced-choice paradigm with four stereoacuity levels (480 to 60 seconds of arc).

Prevalence of vision disorders by racial and ethnic group among children participating in head start.

Objective: To compare the prevalence of amblyopia, strabismus, and significant refractive error among African-American, American Indian, Asian, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white preschoolers in the Vision In Preschoolers study.

Design: Multicenter, cross-sectional study.

Participants: Three- to 5-year old preschoolers (n=4040) in Head Start from 5 geographically disparate areas of the United States.

Risk factors for amblyopia in the vision in preschoolers study.

Objective: To evaluate risk factors for unilateral amblyopia and for bilateral amblyopia in the Vision in Preschoolers (VIP) study.

Design: Multicenter, cross-sectional study.

Participants: Three- to 5-year-old Head Start preschoolers from 5 clinical centers, overrepresenting children with vision disorders.

Intertester agreement in refractive error measurements.

Purpose: To determine the intertester agreement of refractive error measurements between lay and nurse screeners using the Retinomax Autorefractor and the SureSight Vision Screener.

Methods: Trained lay and nurse screeners measured refractive error in 1452 preschoolers (3 to 5 years old) using the Retinomax and the SureSight in a random order for screeners and instruments. Intertester agreement between lay and nurse screeners was assessed for sphere, cylinder, and spherical equivalent (SE) using the mean difference and the 95% limits of agreement.

Associations of anisometropia with unilateral amblyopia, interocular acuity difference, and stereoacuity in preschoolers.

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship of anisometropia with unilateral amblyopia, interocular acuity difference (IAD), and stereoacuity among Head Start preschoolers using both clinical notation and vector notation analyses.

Design: Multicenter, cross-sectional study.

Participants: Three- to 5-year-old participants in the Vision in Preschoolers (VIP) study (n = 4040).

Early visual-evoked potential acuity and future behavioral acuity in cortical visual impairment.

Purpose: Cortical Visual Impairment (CVI) is bilateral visual impairment caused by damage to the posterior visual pathway. Both preferential looking and sweep visual-evoked potential (VEP) can be used to measure visual acuity. The purpose of this study was to determine if an early VEP measure of acuity is related to a young patient's future behavioral acuity.

VEP vernier, VEP grating, and behavioral grating acuity in patients with cortical visual impairment.

Purpose: Cortical visual impairment (CVI) is a leading cause of bilateral vision impairment. Because many patients with CVI cannot perform an optotype test, their acuity is often measured with a grating stimulus using a preferential looking (PL) test or the visual-evoked potential (VEP) recording. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship among VEP vernier acuity, VEP grating acuity, and behavioral grating acuity in patients with CVI.

Longitudinal quantitative assessment of vision function in children with cortical visual impairment.

Purpose: Cortical visual impairment (CVI) is bilateral visual impairment caused by damage to the posterior visual pathway, the visual cortex, or both. Current literature reports great variability in the prognosis of CVI. The purpose of this study was to evaluate change in vision function in children with CVI over time using a quantitative assessment method.

Comparison of preschool vision screening tests as administered by licensed eye care professionals in the Vision In Preschoolers Study.

Purpose: To compare 11 preschool vision screening tests administered by licensed eye care professionals (LEPs; optometrists and pediatric ophthalmologists).

Design: Multicenter, cross-sectional study.

Participants: A sample (N = 2588) of 3- to 5-year-old children enrolled in Head Start was selected to over-represent children with vision problems.

Visual acuity results in school-aged children and adults: Lea Symbols chart versus Bailey-Lovie chart.

Purpose: To compare visual acuity results obtained using the Lea Symbols chart with visual acuity results obtained with the Bailey-Lovie chart in school-aged children and adults using a within-subjects comparison of monocular acuity results.

Methods: Subjects were 62 individuals between 4.5 and 60 years of age, recruited from patients seen in five optometry clinics.