Fluoride and children's IQ: evidence of causation lacking.

Data Sources: Human, animal, and in vitro studies. Extensive literature search of multiple bibliographic databases, trial registries, major grey literature sources and bibliographies of identified studies.

Study Selection: The authors aimed to identify studies which could be used to determine the maximum safe level for fluoride in drinking water.

Effect of fluoridated water on invasive NHS dental treatments for adults: the LOTUS retrospective cohort study and economic evaluation.

Background: Most water fluoridation studies were conducted on children before the widespread introduction of fluoride toothpastes. There is a lack of evidence that can be applied to contemporary populations, particularly adolescents and adults.

Objective: To pragmatically assess the clinical and cost effectiveness of water fluoridation for preventing dental treatment and improving oral health in a contemporary population of adults, using a natural experiment design.

How effective and cost-effective is water fluoridation for adults and adolescents? The LOTUS 10-year retrospective cohort study.

Objective: To pragmatically assess the clinical and cost-effectiveness of water fluoridation for preventing dental treatment and improving oral health in a contemporary population of adults and adolescents, using a natural experiment design.

Methods: A 10-year retrospective cohort study (2010-2020) using routinely collected NHS dental treatment claims data. Participants were patients aged 12 years and over, attending NHS primary dental care services in England (17.

The use of oral benzodiazepines for the management of dental anxiety: a web-based survey of UK dentists.

Background Oral benzodiazepines (OBZs) can facilitate treatment of dentally anxious patients and are widely used in countries such as Australia and the United States. Dentists in the UK prescribe them much less often.Aims To examine OBZ prescribing by dentists in the UK, including patterns of practice, barriers to use, and alternative anxiety management strategies.

One Full or Two Fractional Doses of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine for Catch-up Vaccination in Older Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Bangladesh.

Background: The polio eradication endgame called for the removal of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and introduction of bivalent (types 1 and 3) OPV and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). However, supply shortages have delayed IPV administration to tens of millions of infants, and immunogenicity data are currently lacking to guide catch-up vaccination policies.

Methods: We conducted an open-label randomized clinical trial assessing 2 interventions, full or fractional-dose IPV (fIPV, one-fifth of IPV), administered at age 9-13 months with a second dose given 2 months later.

Unlocking the potential of NHS primary care dental datasets.

Introduction Maximising the use of routinely collected health data for research is a key part of the UK Government's Industrial Strategy. Rich data are generated by NHS primary care dental services, but the extent of their use in research is unknown.Aims To profile the utility of the post-2006 NHS dental datasets for research, map how they have been used to date and develop recommendations to maximise their utility.

Quantitative estimates of glacial refugia for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) since the Last Interglacial (120,000 BP).

Paleoclimate reconstructions have enhanced our understanding of how past climates have shaped present-day biodiversity. We hypothesize that the geographic extent of Pleistocene forest refugia and suitable habitat fluctuated significantly in time during the late Quaternary for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Using bioclimatic variables representing monthly temperature and precipitation estimates, past human population density data, and an extensive database of georeferenced presence points, we built a model of changing habitat suitability for chimpanzees at fine spatio-temporal scales dating back to the Last Interglacial (120,000 BP).

Does dental appearance impact on employability in adults? A scoping review of quantitative and qualitative evidence.

Background The importance of physical appearance in social and professional situations has been well studied. It has been suggested that improving dental appearance may increase employment prospects. This scoping review aims to map the current literature regarding the impact of dental appearance on employability.

Is nicotine damaging to oral tissues?

Data sources The review included 42 pre-clinical in-vitro studies, published between 1995 and 2017. Study selection The study selected in-vitro studies which had assessed the effect of nicotine on human gingival and periodontal fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Typically, diluted pure nicotine was added to a cell culture medium in a variety of doses for a variety of time periods and the cells were then compared against a no-nicotine control.

Long-term variability in artificially and naturally fluoridated water supplies in England.

Objectives: To understand the potential impact of exposure misclassification on water fluoridation studies in England, this paper aims to describe the long-term variation in water fluoride concentrations in both artificially and naturally fluoridated water supplies.

Methods: Water fluoridation dose monitoring data were requested from all five English public water suppliers who artificially fluoridate their water, as well as from one water company that supplies naturally fluoridated water. Descriptive statistics were calculated, including annual means, standard deviations, minimum-maximum and absolute and relative frequencies.

Does individual and neighbourhood social capital in early childhood influence oral health-related quality of life?

Design Prospective cohort study with seven years of follow-up. Cohort selection All children aged under six years, who attended one of 15 randomly selected health centres in the municipality of Santa Maria, a city in Southern Brazil on National Children's Vaccination Day in 2010. Exposure measurement Individual social support was measured by a questionnaire which asked parents if they had attended a volunteer group in the previous 12 months and if they participated in any groups related to the child's school.

Seroprevalence of anti-polio antibodies in children from polio high risk area of Afghanistan: A cross sectional survey 2017.

Background: Afghanistan is one of the remaining wild-poliovirus (WPV) endemic countries. We conducted a seroprevalence survey of anti-poliovirus antibodies in Kandahar Province.

Methods: Children in two age groups (6-11 months and 36-48 months) visiting Mirwais hospital in Kandahar for minor ailments unrelated to polio were enrolled.

Effects of an Education Intervention about HPV Self-Testing for Healthcare Providers and Staff.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) self-testing is an emerging cervical cancer screening strategy, yet efforts to educate healthcare providers and staff about HPV self-testing are lacking. We report the findings of a brief education intervention about HPV self-testing for healthcare providers and staff. We conducted education sessions during 2015 with healthcare providers and staff (n = 33) from five federally qualified health centers located in Appalachian Ohio.

When Are Caregivers More Likely to Offer Sugary Drinks and Snacks to Infants? A Qualitative Thematic Synthesis.

Many children consume more sugar than is recommended, and caregivers often find it difficult to change this habit once established. This thematic synthesis aims to identify the "critical situations" where caregivers may be more likely to offer infants sugary drinks and snacks. This thematic synthesis is reported in accordance with the statement for enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research (ENTREQ).

Cases of maternal cannibalism in wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) from two different field sites, Wamba and Kokolopori, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Maternal cannibalism, whereby a mother consumes her own offspring, occurs in various animal taxa and is commonly explained by nutritional stress or environmental pressures. It is rare in nonhuman primates and is considered an aberrant behavior only observed under high-stress conditions. It was therefore surprising when, in the first reported case of cannibalism in wild bonobos, a mother consumed part of the dead infant at LuiKotale.

Perspectives from health-care providers and women about completing human papillomavirus (HPV) self-testing at home.

Cervical cancer (CC) incidence and mortality rates are increased, and CC screening rates are low among Appalachian Ohio women. Mailing human papillomavirus (HPV) self-tests to women to complete at home is a potential new strategy to engage women in CC screening. The authors aimed to gain insights into the perceived acceptability of mailed HPV self-tests.

Neutralization of Enterovirus D68 isolated from the 2014 US outbreak by commercial intravenous immune globulin products.

Background: In 2014, an outbreak of Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) was recorded as the largest in the US with cases confirmed in 49 states. Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) has been used to treat enterovirus infections in neonates and is an accepted replacement therapy for immunodeficient patients.

Objectives: This study aimed to detect the presence of neutralizing antibodies to EV-D68 viruses from the 2014 outbreak in commercially available IVIG products.

Chlorhexidine treatment for the prevention of dental caries in children and adolescents.

Background: Dental caries (tooth decay) is a common disease that is preventable by reducing the dietary intake of free sugars and using topical sodium fluoride products. An antibacterial agent known as chlorhexidine may also help prevent caries. A number of over-the-counter and professionally administered chlorhexidine-based preparations are available in a variety of formulations and in a range of strengths.

Xylitol-containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults.

Background: Dental caries is a highly prevalent chronic disease which affects the majority of people. It has been postulated that the consumption of xylitol could help to prevent caries. The evidence on the effects of xylitol products is not clear and therefore it is important to summarise the available evidence to determine its effectiveness and safety.

Effect of multiple, simultaneous vaccines on polio seroresponse and associated health outcomes.

Background: Administration of multiple simultaneous vaccines to infants, children, and military recruits is not uncommon. However, little research exists to examine associated serological and health effects, especially in adults.

Method: We retrospectively examined 416 paired serum specimens from U.

A population estimate of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Ugalla region using standard and spatially explicit genetic capture-recapture methods.

Population parameters such as size, density, and distribution of a species across a landscape are important metrics that inform conservation science and are key to management strategies. In this study, we used genetic capture-recapture methods to estimate the population size and density of the little-studied chimpanzees in the Ugalla region of western Tanzania. From 237 fecal samples collected non-invasively over a 10-month period, we identified a minimum of 113 individuals.

An outbreak of Cryptosporidium at a recreational water park in Niagara Region, Canada.

Cryptosporidium is a parasitic protozoan found in water sources and spread through the fecal-oral route. Cryptosporidiosis is characterized by gastroenteritis and is increasingly associated with recreational water sources. On December 3, 2010, Niagara Region Public Health was informed of a laboratory-confirmed case of Cryptosporidium.

Cognitive outcome after on- and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare cognition following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) (on- or off-pump).

Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials comparing cognitive outcome in patients undergoing CABG surgery on- or off-pump as assessed by continuous measures from a battery of 7 psychometric tests.

Setting: Multi-institutional centers performing CABG surgery.