Stellate ganglion block reduces symptoms of Long COVID: A case series.

After recovering from COVID-19, a significant proportion of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals develop Long COVID. Fatigue, orthostatic intolerance, brain fog, anosmia, and ageusia/dysgeusia in Long COVID resemble "sickness behavior," the autonomic nervous system response to pro-inflammatory cytokines (Dantzer et al., 2008).

Defective trafficking of cone photoreceptor CNG channels induces the unfolded protein response and ER-stress-associated cell death.

Mutations that perturb the function of photoreceptor CNG (cyclic nucleotide-gated) channels are associated with several human retinal disorders, but the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to photoreceptor dysfunction and degeneration remain unclear. Many loss-of-function mutations result in intracellular accumulation of CNG channel subunits. Accumulation of proteins in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) is known to cause ER stress and trigger the UPR (unfolded protein response), an evolutionarily conserved cellular programme that results in either adaptation via increased protein processing capacity or apoptotic cell death.

Homer1a and 1bc levels in the rat somatosensory cortex vary with the time of day and sleep loss.

Homer protein expression is dependent in part on neuronal activity and sleep. Homer1a differs in function from Homer1bc although both are involved in synaptic scaffolding. The effects of sleep loss, time of day and afferent activity on these molecules were investigated.