Correction: Briggs, D.J.; Moore, S.M. The Route of Administration of Rabies Vaccines: Comparing the Data. 2021, , 1252.

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...

The Route of Administration of Rabies Vaccines: Comparing the Data.

Cell culture rabies vaccines were initially licensed in the 1980s and are essential in the prevention of human rabies. The first post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) vaccination regimen recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) was administered intramuscularly over a lengthy three-month period. In efforts to reduce the cost of PEP without impinging on safety, additional research on two strategies was encouraged by the WHO including the development of less expensive production methods for CCVs and the administration of reduced volumes of CCVs via the intradermal (ID) route.

Evaluating new rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimens or vaccines.

The development of human rabies vaccines has evolved dramatically from the first crude nerve tissue vaccine produced then administered in the presence of Louis Pasteur in 1885. New cell culture technology has enabled highly potent and well-tolerated rabies vaccines to be produced that have reduced the volume and number of doses required to save human lives after exposure. However, these highly potent vaccines are still unaffordable to many patients living at risk of exposure on a daily basis.

Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies.

Background: Rabies is a notoriously underreported and neglected disease of low-income countries. This study aims to estimate the public health and economic burden of rabies circulating in domestic dog populations, globally and on a country-by-country basis, allowing an objective assessment of how much this preventable disease costs endemic countries.

Methodology/principal Findings: We established relationships between rabies mortality and rabies prevention and control measures, which we incorporated into a model framework.

Implementation of an intersectoral program to eliminate human and canine rabies: the Bohol Rabies Prevention and Elimination Project.

Background: The province of Bohol, located in the Visayas islands region in the Philippines has a human population of 1.13 million and was the 4th highest region for human rabies deaths in the country, averaging 10 per year, prior to the initiation of the Bohol Rabies Prevention and Elimination Project (BRPEP).

Aims: The BRPEP was initiated in 2007 with the goal of building a sustainable program that would prevent human rabies by eliminating rabies at its source, in dogs, by 2010.

The role of vaccination in rabies prevention.

Rabies vaccines have evolved from the first crude nerve tissue vaccines developed by Louis Pasteur and his colleagues in 1885. Currently, safe and efficacious rabies vaccines for humans and animals are produced in several cell culture systems with 10 vaccine regimens recommended by WHO and/or ACIP for pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis in humans. Rabies vaccines are a critical component in the strategy to reduce the dog rabies, the cause of 98% of all global human rabies deaths.

Renewed global partnerships and redesigned roadmaps for rabies prevention and control.

Canine rabies, responsible for most human rabies deaths, is a serious global public health concern. This zoonosis is entirely preventable, but by focusing solely upon rabies prevention in humans, this "incurable wound" persists at high costs. Although preventing human deaths through canine rabies elimination is feasible, dog rabies control is often neglected, because dogs are not considered typical economic commodities by the animal health sector.

Results of vaccination of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) with monovalent inactivated rabies vaccine.

Objective: To evaluate the humoral immune response of Asian elephants to a primary IM vaccination with either 1 or 2 doses of a commercially available inactivated rabies virus vaccine and evaluate the anamnestic response to a 1-dose booster vaccination.

Animals: 16 captive Asian elephants.

Procedures: Elephants with no known prior rabies vaccinations were assigned into 2 treatment groups of 8 elephants; 1 group received 1 dose of vaccine, and the other group received 2 doses of vaccine 9 days apart.

Detection of cellular immunity to rabies antigens in human vaccinees.

A nonradioactive multi-parameter flow cytometry assay was developed to identify antigen-specific lymphocytes in human subjects previously vaccinated against rabies virus and was subsequently compared to the standard tritiated thymidine method. A cell tracking dye, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester, was used in combination with surface label for CD4 and CD8 cells in order to determine the response of lymphocytes to killed rabies virus in an antigen recall assay. The rabies virus-specific lymphocyte response was compared to the humoral immune response in each of ten vaccinated and five non-vaccinated subjects.

The influence of homologous vs. heterologous challenge virus strains on the serological test results of rabies virus neutralizing assays.

The effect that the relatedness of the viral seed strain used to produce rabies vaccines has to the strain of challenge virus used to measure rabies virus neutralizing antibodies after vaccination was evaluated. Serum samples from 173 subjects vaccinated with either purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV), produced from the Pittman Moore (PM) seed strain of rabies virus, or purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (PCECV), produced from the Flury low egg passage (Flury-LEP) seed strain of rabies virus, were tested in parallel assays by RFFIT using a homologous and a heterologous testing system. In the homologous system, CVS-11 was used as the challenge virus in the assay to evaluate the humoral immune response in subjects vaccinated with PVRV and Flury-LEP was used for subjects vaccinated with PCECV.

Vaccination of Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) with monovalent inactivated rabies vaccine.

Twenty-six captive, adult Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) were tested for the presence of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) using a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test before and after vaccination. The bats were randomly assigned into three treatment groups: group A (n = 10) bats each received one 0.1-ml dose of monovalent inactivated rabies vaccine, group B (n = 10) bats each received two 0.

Rabies update for travel medicine advisors.

Rabies is a neglected disease in many developing countries. It is preventable, and the tools to prevent it are known. There is urgent need for more funding, for study of innovative dog population-control measures, and for sustainable canine immunization.

Induction of protective immunity by topic application of a recombinant adenovirus expressing rabies virus glycoprotein.

The objective of this study was to determine if a replication defective recombinant adenovirus expressing rabies virus glycoprotein (Adrab.gp) given through a non-invasive vaccination route (by topical application) onto the skin (NIVS) could elicit an immune response and/or protection against rabies. Groups of mice were immunized by NIVS with various doses of Adrab.