The effects of diazepam on sleep depend on the photoperiod.

Daylength (i.e., photoperiod) provides essential information for seasonal adaptations of organisms.

Perinatal Photoperiod Has Long-Term Effects on the Rest-Activity Cycle and Sleep in Male and Female Mice.

Environmental light conditions during development can have long-lasting effects on the physiology and behavior of an animal. Photoperiod, a clear example of environmental light conditions, is detected by and coded in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. It is therefore possible that differences observed in behavior in adulthood after exposure to different perinatal photoperiods are caused by lasting changes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus or alternatively, in other nuclei affected by perinatal photoperiod.

Hypnotic effects of melatonin depend on the environmental lighting conditions in the rat.

Acute effects of exogenous melatonin have been widely reported to promote sleep or induce drowsiness in human. However, testing of the hypnotic effects of melatonin in nocturnal rodents has yielded contradictory results. The latter may be associated with differences in concentration, lighting conditions, time of administration of melatonin, and possibly the type of analysis.

Sleep and the sleep electroencephalogram in C57BL/6 and C3H/HeN mice.

Different mouse strains used in biomedical research show different phenotypes associated with their genotypes. Two mouse strains commonly used in biomedical sleep research are C57Bl/6 and C3H/He, the strains differ in numerous aspects, including their ability to secrete melatonin as well as the expression of several sleep-related genes. However, sleep regulation has only limitedly been compared between C3H/HeN and C57Bl/6 mice.

Comparison of sleep deprivation and a low dose of ketamine on sleep and the electroencephalogram in Brown Norway rats.

Ketamine is known for its antidepressant effects, but the mechanism underlying this effect remains largely unclear. In contrast to most antidepressant drugs, the action of ketamine is rapid, suggesting a different mode of action. A rapid antidepressant effect is also observed following sleep deprivation (SD).

Mechanisms of Sleep/Wake Regulation under Hypodopaminergic State: Insights from MitoPark Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease.

Sleep/wake alterations are predominant in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders involving dopamine dysfunction. Unfortunately, specific, mechanisms-based therapies for these debilitating sleep problems are currently lacking. The pathophysiological mechanisms of sleep/wake alterations within a hypodopaminergic MitoPark mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD) are investigated.

Genetic Predictive Factors for Nonsusceptible Phenotypes and Multidrug Resistance in Expanded-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Uropathogenic Escherichia coli from a Multicenter Cohort: Insights into the Phenotypic and Genetic Basis of Coresistance.

Antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract infections (UTIs) is a major public health concern. This study aims to characterize the phenotypic and genetic basis of multidrug resistance (MDR) among expanded-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant (ESCR) uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) causing UTIs in California patient populations. Between February and October 2019, 577 ESCR UPEC isolates were collected from patients at 6 clinical laboratory sites across California.

Long-Term Effect of a Single Dose of Caffeine on Sleep, the Sleep EEG and Neuronal Activity in the Peduncular Part of the Lateral Hypothalamus under Constant Dark Conditions.

Background: Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that influences both the sleep-wake cycle and the circadian clock and is known to influence neuronal activity in the lateral hypothalamus, an important area involved in sleep-wake regulation. Light is a strong zeitgeber and it is known to interact with the effect of caffeine on the sleep-wake cycle. We therefore wanted to investigate the long-term effects of a single dose of caffeine under constant dark conditions.

10-year anniversary of the European Somnologist examination - A historic overview and critical appraisal.

The European Somnologist certification programme was developed by the European Sleep Research Society to improve patient care in sleep medicine by providing an independent evaluation of theoretical and practical knowledge. The examination of eligible experts plays a key role in this procedure. A process was started more than 15 years ago to create the European sleep medicine curriculum, eligibility criteria for certification, and sleep centre accreditation criteria.

Induction of Fatigue by Specific Anthracycline Cancer Drugs through Disruption of the Circadian Pacemaker.

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is the most devastating long-term side effect of many cancer survivors that confounds the quality of life for months to years after treatment. However, the cause of CRF is poorly understood. As a result, cancer survivors, at best, receive psychological support.

Adenosine, caffeine, and sleep-wake regulation: state of the science and perspectives.

For hundreds of years, mankind has been influencing its sleep and waking state through the adenosinergic system. For ~100 years now, systematic research has been performed, first started by testing the effects of different dosages of caffeine on sleep and waking behaviour. About 70 years ago, adenosine itself entered the picture as a possible ligand of the receptors where caffeine hooks on as an antagonist to reduce sleepiness.

The European Sleep Research Society - past, present and future.

It is 50 years ago, in 1972, that the founding conference of the European Sleep Research Society (ESRS) was organised in Basel. Since then the Society has had 13 presidents and a multitude of board members and has organised, among other things, another 24 congresses. At this 50th anniversary, as the 26th ESRS congress is approaching, we have summarised the history of the ESRS.

Sleep Deprivation Does not Change the Flash Electroretinogram in Wild-type and Mice.

Sleep deprivation reduces the response of neuronal activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the phase shift in circadian behaviour to phase shifting light pulses, and thus seems to impair the adaptation of the circadian clock to the external light-dark cycle. The question remains where in the pathway of light input to the SCN the response is reduced. We therefore investigated whether the electroretinogram (ERG) changes after sleep deprivation in wild-type mice and in mutant male mice.

Heterogenous electrophysiological responses of functionally distinct striatal subregions to circadian and sleep-related homeostatic processes.

Basal ganglia (BG) are a set of subcortical nuclei that are involved in the control of a wide variety of motor, cognitive, and affective behaviors. Although many behavioral abnormalities associated with BG dysfunction overlap with the clinical picture precipitated by the lack of sleep, the impact of sleep alterations on neuronal activity in BG is unknown. Using wild-type C57BI mice, we investigated the circadian and sleep-related homeostatic modulation of neuronal activity in the three functional subdivisions of the striatum (i.

Doublecortin-like expressing astrocytes of the suprachiasmatic nucleus are implicated in the biosynthesis of vasopressin and influences circadian rhythms.

We have recently identified a novel plasticity protein, doublecortin-like (DCL), that is specifically expressed in the shell of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). DCL is implicated in neuroplastic events, such as neurogenesis, that require structural rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton, enabling dynamic movements of cell bodies and dendrites. We have inspected DCL expression in the SCN by confocal microscopy and found that DCL is expressed in GABA transporter-3 (GAT3)-positive astrocytes that envelope arginine vasopressin (AVP)-expressing cells.

The aging brain: sleep, the circadian clock and exercise.

Aging is a multifactorial process likely stemming from damage accumulation and/or a decline in maintenance and repair mechanisms in the organisms that eventually determine their lifespan. In our review, we focus on the morphological and functional alterations that the aging brain undergoes affecting sleep and the circadian clock in both human and rodent models. Although both species share mammalian features, differences have been identified on several experimental levels, which we outline in this review.

Sleep Network Deterioration as a Function of Dim-Light-At-Night Exposure Duration in a Mouse Model.

Artificial light, despite its widespread and valuable use, has been associated with deterioration of health and well-being, including altered circadian timing and sleep disturbances, particularly in nocturnal exposure. Recent findings from our lab reveal significant sleep and sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) changes owing to three months exposure to dim-light-at-night (DLAN). Aiming to further explore the detrimental effects of DLAN exposure, in the present study, we continuously recorded sleep EEG and the electromyogram for baseline 24-h and following 6-h sleep deprivation in a varied DLAN duration scheme.

A Dual Enzyme-Based Biochemical Test Rapidly Detects Third-Generation Cephalosporin-Resistant CTX-M-Producing Uropathogens in Clinical Urine Samples.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) are increasingly identified as the cause of both community and healthcare-associated urinary tract infections (UTIs), with CTX-Ms being the most common ESBLs identified. CTX-M-producing GNB are resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics and are frequently multidrug-resistant, which limits treatment options. Rapid diagnostic tests that can detect ESBL-producing GNB, particularly CTX-M producers, in the urine of patients with UTIs are needed.

Effects of Chronic Dim-light-at-night Exposure on Sleep in Young and Aged Mice.

Dim-light-at-night (DLAN) exposure is associated with health problems, such as metabolic disruptions, immunological modulations, oxidative stress, sleep problems, and altered circadian timing. Neurophysiological parameters, including sleep patterns, are altered in the course of aging in a similar way. Here, we investigated the effect of chronic (three months) DLAN exposure (12 L:12 Dim-light, 75:5 lux) on sleep and the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG), and rest-activity behavior in young (6-month-old, n = 9) and aged (18- n = 8, 24-month-old, n = 6) C57BL/6J mice and compared with age-matched controls (n = 11, n = 9 and n = 8, respectively).

Annual variation in attentional response after methylphenidate treatment.

Prevalence rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) differ with geographical areas varying in sunlight intensity. Sun- or daylight reaching the retina establishes entrainment of the circadian clock to daylight. Changes herein, hence, alterations in clock alignment, could be reflected indirectly in inattention via sleep duration.

Disruption of circadian rhythm by alternating light-dark cycles aggravates atherosclerosis development in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice.

Disruption of circadian rhythm by means of shift work has been associated with cardiovascular disease in humans. However, causality and underlying mechanisms have not yet been established. In this study, we exposed hyperlipidemic APOE*3-Leiden.

Detection of unamplified target genes via CRISPR-Cas9 immobilized on a graphene field-effect transistor.

Most methods for the detection of nucleic acids require many reagents and expensive and bulky instrumentation. Here, we report the development and testing of a graphene-based field-effect transistor that uses clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology to enable the digital detection of a target sequence within intact genomic material. Termed CRISPR-Chip, the biosensor uses the gene-targeting capacity of catalytically deactivated CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) complexed with a specific single-guide RNA and immobilized on the transistor to yield a label-free nucleic-acid-testing device whose output signal can be measured with a simple handheld reader.