Rate of response to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in patients with conjunctival melanoma.

Our primary objective was to estimate the overall response rate to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in patients with locally advanced, multiply recurrent, or metastatic conjunctival melanoma treated with ICIs. A retrospective review of all consecutive conjunctival melanoma patients who were treated with ICI between October 2017 and January 2024 was carried out. The study included 16 patients with a median age of 66 years.

Anatomy and Pathology of the Skull Base: Malignant and Nonmalignant Lesions.

The skull base (SB) is the osseous foundation of the cranial vault. It contains many openings that allow communication between the extracranial and intracranial structures. This communication is crucial in normal physiologic processes yet may also arrow spread of disease.

Graves' Eye Disease: Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis.

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder in which hyperthyroidism results in various systematic symptoms, with about 30% of patients presenting with Graves' eye disease (GED). The majority of patients with GED develop mild symptoms, including eyelid retraction, exposure of the globe, superior rectus-levator muscle complex inflammation, and fat expansion, leading to exophthalmos. More severe cases can result in extraocular muscle enlargement, restricted ocular movement, eyelid and conjunctival edema, and compression of the optic nerve leading to compressive optic neuropathy (CON).

Distinguishing Intrathyroid Parathyroid Adenoma from Colloid Nodules and Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas Using Multiphasic Multidetector Computed Tomography.

Objective: The aim of the study is to determine whether multiphase multidetector computed tomography (4D-MDCT) can differentiate between intrathyroid parathyroid adenomas (ITPAs), colloid nodules, and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).

Methods: We studied 22 ITPAs, 22 colloid nodules, and 11 PTCs in 55 patients. Hounsfield unit (HU) values of the nodules were measured on 4D-MDCT in the precontrast, arterial, venous, and delayed phases.

Multifocal recurrence of pleomorphic adenoma of the lacrimal gland.

Purpose: To report two cases of multifocal recurrent pleomorphic adenoma of the lacrimal gland, and to highlight the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings.

Observations: The authors present two patients with recurrent pleomorphic adenoma of the lacrimal gland. During their previous primary surgical resection at outside institutions, one patient reportedly had a macroscopically complete excision, while the second patient had violation of the pseudocapsule.

Primary Ewing's sarcoma with orbit involvement: Survival and visual outcomes after eye-sparing multidisciplinary management in eight patients.

Background: To describe the clinical presentation, treatment, and overall prognosis in eight patients with primary Ewing's sarcoma (ES) involving the orbit.

Methods: A retrospective interventional study of all biopsy-proven cases of primary ES involving the orbit was done.

Results: There were seven males and one female with a median age of 14 years.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors for treatment of periorbital squamous cell carcinoma.

Purpose: To report on the outcomes of immunotherapy in patients with locally advanced periorbital squamous cell carcinoma.

Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of seven consecutive patients with locally advanced periorbital cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma treated with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Treatments and therapeutic outcomes were reviewed.

Clinical and cytopathological features of suspected thyroglossal duct cysts and neoplasms arising from them: A large series from a referral cancer center.

Background: Thyroglossal duct cysts (TGDCs) are the most common congenital midline cystic lesions in the neck, and they are often evaluated by fine-needle aspiration. Recognizing the cytomorphologic features of TGDCs and their mimics is important for clinical management.

Methods: This study examined the clinical, radiological, and cytopathological features of 86 ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration (US-FNA) specimens from clinically suspected TGDCs or malignancies arising from TGDCs and correlated the findings with surgical follow-up and/or imaging studies.

Frequency and Clinical Course of Residual Orbital Masses After Treatment of Orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma.

Purpose: To evaluate the frequency and clinical course of residual orbital masses on imaging studies after multimodality treatment for orbital rhabdomyosarcoma.

Design: Retrospective case series.

Methods: We reviewed records of patients with primary orbital rhabdomyosarcoma who underwent chemotherapy and radiotherapy after surgical biopsy or debulking at 4 US centers during 1998-2019.

Extrathyroidal Manifestations of Thyroid Disease: Graves Eye Disease.

Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder caused by the breakdown of immune tolerance to thyroid antigens against the TSH receptor. In approximately 25% of patients, an inflammatory condition, Graves eye disease (GED), affects the orbital soft tissues. About 60% of patients develop mild symptoms including fat expansion and inflammation of the levator muscle complex with resultant proptosis, eyelid retraction, and exposure of the globe.

Primary disease sites and patterns of spread in cases of neurolymphomatosis in the orbit associated with lymphoma.

Background: Neurolymphomatosis involving the cranial nerves (CNs) is rare. We sought a better understanding of the primary disease sites and patterns of spread in neurolymphomatosis of the orbit and retro-orbital cranial nerves.

Methods: Patients with lymphoma and MRI evidence of neurolymphomatosis of CN II, III, IV, V, or V were retrospectively reviewed.

Multidisciplinary Management of Orbital Metastasis and Survival Outcomes.

Purpose: To study the multidisciplinary management and survival outcomes of orbital metastasis (OM).

Methods: All patients with a diagnosis of OM treated during 1999-2019 were included. Clinical data were retrospectively collected and analyzed.

Characteristics and Survival Outcomes of Second Primary Cancers in Long-term Retinoblastoma Survivors.

Purpose: Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common intraocular cancer and is associated with lifelong risks of developing a second primary cancer, especially in patients with hereditary RB and/or childhood exposure to radiotherapy.

Methods: The study included all consecutive patients with a history of RB treated for a second primary cancer during 1994-2018. Patient demographics and characteristics of the primary RB and second primary cancer were examined.

Prognostic factors for local recurrence and survival and impact of local treatments on survival in lacrimal gland carcinoma.

Background/aims: To identify prognostic factors for local recurrence, distant metastasis and disease-specific survival (DSS) for lacrimal gland carcinoma.

Methods: All consecutive patients with lacrimal gland carcinoma treated from January 1998 through December 2018 were included. Log-rank tests and univariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to study risk factors and survival.

Ventricular apparent diffusion coefficient measurements in patients with neoplastic leptomeningeal disease.

Background: To test the hypothesis that intraventricular ADC values can be used to determine the presence of neoplastic leptomeningeal disease (LMD).

Materials And Methods: ADC values were measured at multiple sites in the ventricular system in 32 patients with cytologically-proven LMD and 40 control subjects. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the mean difference of ADCs between the LMD and control groups after adjusting for ventricle size and tumor type.

A modular phantom and software to characterize 3D geometric distortion in MRI.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers outstanding soft tissue contrast that may reduce uncertainties in target and organ-at-risk delineation and enable online adaptive image-guided treatment. Spatial distortions resulting from non-linearities in the gradient fields and non-uniformity in the main magnetic field must be accounted for across the imaging field-of-view to prevent systematic errors during treatment delivery. This work presents a modular phantom and software application to characterize geometric distortion (GD) within the large field-of-view MRI images required for radiation therapy simulation.

Distinguishing Recurrent Thyroid Cancer from Residual Nonmalignant Thyroid Tissue Using Multiphasic Multidetector CT.

Background And Purpose: During thyroidectomy incomplete resection of the thyroid gland may occur. This complicates the imaging surveillance of these patients as residual thyroid needs to be distinguished from local recurrence. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if multiphasic multi-detector computed tomography (4D-MDCT) can differentiate residual nonmalignant thyroid tissue and recurrent thyroid carcinoma after thyroidectomy.

Malignant Mixed Tumor (Carcinoma Ex Pleomorphic Adenoma) of the Lacrimal Gland.

Purpose: To review the clinical presentation, treatment, and prognosis of patients with malignant mixed tumor (carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma) of the lacrimal gland.

Methods: Clinical records and radiographic images were reviewed for patients with malignant mixed tumor of the lacrimal gland treated at the center during 2008-2019.

Results: The study included 9 patients (6 men, 3 women) aged 17-66 years (median age, 56 years).

Thyroid carcinoma metastasizing to the submandibular gland: Sonographic findings.

Metastases to the submandibular gland are extremely rare; a literature search retuned only three previously reported cases from a thyroid gland primary site. Herein, we report two cases of metastatic thyroid carcinoma to the submandibular gland in a 64-year-old woman with PTC and a 70-year-old-woman with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The metastases were identified on CT and PET/CT in one case and on CT in the other case, but both were diagnosed with ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration.

Vascular flow on doppler sonography may not be a valid characteristic to distinguish colloid nodules from papillary thyroid carcinoma even when accounting for nodular size.

Background: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that there is no significant difference in vascular flow patterns between cytopathologically-proven colloid nodules and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) even when adjusting for nodule size.

Methods: Doppler vascular flow patterns in 200 colloid nodules and 166 nodules with PTC were retrospective reviewed independently by 2 neuroradiologists blinded to the cytopathological results. Absence of vascular flow, perinodular and/or intranodular flow, and diffuse vascular flow were recorded.

Diagnostic Accuracy and Scope of Intraoperative Transoral Ultrasound and Transoral Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration of Retropharyngeal Masses.

The use of transoral sonography-guided fine-needle aspiration for intraoperative localization of retropharyngeal masses has been described by Fornage et al. The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of this technique. We reviewed the images and medical records of 26 patients with a retropharyngeal lesion suspicious for a metastatic lymph node of Rouviere identified on CT and/or PET/CT.

Radiographic retropharyngeal lymph node involvement in HPV-associated oropharyngeal carcinoma: Patterns of involvement and impact on patient outcomes.

Background: The objective of the current study was to characterize the incidence, pattern, and impact on oncologic outcomes of retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) involvement in HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer (OPC).

Methods: Data regarding patients with HPV-associated OPC who were treated at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center with intensity-modulated radiotherapy from 2004 through 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. RPLN status was determined by reviewing pretreatment imaging and/or reports.

Superiority of Multidetector Computed Tomography With 3-Dimensional Volume Rendering Over Plain Radiography in the Assessment of Spinal Surgical Instrumentation Complications in Patients With Cancer.

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) images with volume-rendered translucent display (VRTLD) series to plain radiographs for evaluating spinal surgical instrumentation after resection and reconstruction for spinal malignancies.

Methods: In 44 patients with tumor resection and spinal reconstruction, 17 with complications, 3 neuroradiologists evaluated plain radiographs, MDCT images alone, VRTLD images alone, and MDCT images with VRTLD images for identifying complications in 3 categories: subsidence/migration, construct fracture, and screw loosening. Each category was scored as 1 (complications), 2 (no complications), or 3 (not sure), and the minimum score was used for analyses.