The gastric digestion behavior of different commercial Stage 1 infant formulae (for 0-6 months) with different formulation backgrounds was investigated using an dynamic infant human gastric simulator (iHGS). The microstructural arrangements of the protein and lipid, colloidal stability and protein hydrolysis during digestion were elucidated. During gastric digestion, casein-dominant formulations showed a higher extent of aggregation due to their high proportion of casein micelles that underwent coagulation upon acidification and via the action of pepsin.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFdigestion methods have been utilized in food research to reduce studies. Although previous studies have related and data, there is no consensus on how to establish an - relationship (IVIVR) for food digestion. A framework that serves as a tool to evaluate the utility and limitations of approaches in simulating processes is proposed to develop IVIVRs for food digestion, with a focus on the gastric phase as the main location of food structural breakdown during digestion.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA single-source-precursor approach was developed to synthesize uranium-based materials outside of the typically-studied oxides. This approach allows for shorter reaction times, milder reaction conditions, and control over the chemicals present in synthesis. To this end, the first homoleptic uranium thioamidate complex was synthesized as a precursor for US materials.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAscorbic acid (AA) is the most widely used reductant for noble metal nanoparticle (NP) synthesis. Despite the synthetic relevance, its aqueous chemistry remains misunderstood, due in part to various assumptions about its reduction pathway which are insufficiently supported by experimental evidence. This study aims to provide an understanding of the complex chemistry associated with AA under aqueous conditions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCurr Res Food Sci
September 2023
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a pseudocereal plant that originally came from South America. The trend of consuming quinoa is propelled by its well‒balanced amino acid profile compared to that of other plants.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRuminants' milk is commonly used for supplying nutrients to infants when breast milk is unavailable or limited. Previous studies have highlighted the differences between ruminants' milk composition, digestion, absorption, and fermentation. However, whether consuming different ruminants' milk impact the appearance of the circulatory blood metabolites in the early postnatal life is not well understood.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: The rate of stomach emptying of milk from different ruminant species differs, suggesting that the small intestinal digestibility of nutrients could also differ across these milk types.
Objective: To determine the small intestinal amino acid (AA) digestibility of raw bovine, caprine, and ovine milk in the piglet as an animal model for the infant.
Methods: Seven-day-old piglets ( = 12) consumed either bovine, caprine, or ovine milk diets for 15 days ( = 4 piglets/milk).
While infant formula is usually bovine milk-based, interest in other ruminant milk-based formulas is growing. However, whether different ruminant milk treatments with varying nutrient compositions influence the infant's brain development remains unknown. The aim was to determine the effects of consuming bovine, caprine, or ovine milk on brain gene expression in the early postnatal period using a pig model of the human infant.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThis study investigated the structural and physicochemical changes that occur in milk, a naturally designed complex structured emulsion, during gastric digestion using the bottle-fed piglet as an animal model. The gastric digestions of cow, goat, and sheep milk were compared in male piglets euthanized at different postfeeding times to collect the stomach chyme. The cow and noncow milks separated into curd (aggregated caseins) and liquid (mostly soluble whey) phases in the piglet's stomach.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe behavior of fat globules during the gastric digestion of raw and pasteurized cow, goat, and sheep whole milks was studied using a human gastric simulator. Microstructural and physicochemical analysis revealed that, initially, the coagulation of the milks in the human gastric simulator resulted in the majority of the milk fat globules being entrapped within the curd. As the digestion progressed, the proportion of fat globules entrapped within the aggregated protein matrix (curd) decreased; there was also some flocculation as well as coalescence of the fat globules within the curd.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCoagulation of milk in the stomach is the first crucial step in its digestion. Using a human gastric simulator, the dynamic gastric digestion of goat and sheep skim milk were compared with that of cow skim milk, focusing particularly on their physical characteristics. The gastric contents were analyzed for changes in dry matter and microstructure, and the extent of protein digestion.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWet-chemical fabrication of a crystalline Ag-TCNQ (TCNQ = 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane) thin film on non-Ag substrate is challenging whereby the chemistry was powered by photon energy and/or electrical energy. We report for the first time, direct chemical growth of a Ag-TCNQ thin film on a functionalized Au substrate by employing the layer-by-layer (LbL) approach at ambient reaction conditions. Various Ag(I) salt precursors previously realized to be unsuitable for the fabrication of Ag-TCNQ thin films on non-Ag substrates ultimately gave rise to dense and uniform thin films of Ag-TCNQ.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe traditional dairy-cattle-based industry is becoming increasingly diversified with milk and milk products from non-cattle dairy species. The interest in non-cattle milks has increased because there have been several anecdotal reports about the nutritional benefits of these milks and reports both of individuals tolerating and digesting some non-cattle milks better than cattle milk and of certain characteristics that non-cattle milks are thought to share in common with human milk. Thus, non-cattle milks are considered to have potential applications in infant, children, and elderly nutrition for the development of specialized products with better nutritional profiles.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDynamic low-amplitude oscillatory rheology was used to study the gelation properties of skim milk gels made at 37°C, using glucono-δ-lactone alone (acid gels) or a combination of glucono-δ-lactone and porcine pepsin ("combination gels"). The protein contents of the skim milks increased in the order goat milk < cattle milk < buffalo milk < sheep milk < deer milk, whereas the average casein micelle diameters increased in the order cattle milk < buffalo milk < goat milk < sheep milk ≃ deer milk. The gelation pH (4.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWe demonstrate the first successful synthesis of reasonably monodisperse and single-crystalline gold nanoearbuds (Au NEBs) using a binary surfactant mixture of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) and benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride (BDAC) in seed-mediated growth method. We have focused on the key chemical parameters behind the formation and growth of Au NEBs to result in tunable dimensions (length, 37-77 nm; width, 4-6 nm; aspect ratio, 7-19), as a consequence of which the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak could be tuned beyond 1200 nm. The achievement of LSPR beyond 1200 nm while maintaining the dimension well below 100 nm is a challenging accomplishment in the realm of one-dimensional (1D) Au nanostructures.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDownsizing coordination polymers (CPs) to thin film configurations is a prerequisite for device applications. However, fabrication of thin films of CPs including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with reasonable electrical conductivity is challenging. Herein, thin film fabrication of a Cu(ii)-CP employing a layer-by-layer method is demonstrated whereby a self-assembled monolayer on Au was used as the functionalized substrate.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: This study measured and analyzed the serum levels of 24-hydroxycholesterol in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-/sex-matched controls.
Methods: A case-control study involving 40 AD patients and 40 controls was performed at a tertiary neurological teaching hospital in eastern India. Blood and serum samples were collected for genotyping and 24-hydroxycholesterol levels, respectively.
Concave cuboid (CCB) nanostructure is a member of the high-index facet (HIF) nanocrystals (NCs) family, geometrically derived from regular cuboid-excavation of each face. CCB NCs hold some additional characteristics such as surface cavity and sharp edges and corners as compared to its convex counterpart that makes it relatively more active in applications like electrochemical catalysis, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and plasmonics. To date, there are only few reports available on the synthesis of CCB Au NCs where Br containing surfactants have been used as a shape directing and stabilizing agent.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe digestion behaviours of pasteurized and UHT homogenized milks were investigated in in vivo rat stomach and in an in vitro dynamic human gastric simulator. The formation of coagulum under gastric conditions and the protein digestion profiles were similar in both systems. UHT milk formed curds with fragmented and crumbled structures, compared with the more cohesive curds formed from unheated or pasteurized milk.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSymptoms of depression are present in a significant proportion of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. While epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between depression and AD, it has not been established whether depression is a risk factor or merely a co-morbidity of AD. It is also uncertain if depression affects the pathogenesis of AD.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjectives: The roles of deficient or deranged insulin, adiponectin and 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25[OH]D) levels regulating food intake, energy metabolism, glucose and lipid metabolism and body weight have been reported in the pathogenesis of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, their congruity in the etiology of diabetes mellitus is unknown. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the roles of these parameters together and to establish their interrelationship in patients with prediabetes and diabetes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe isoflavone, genistein, present in soybean is being actively investigated for its potential beneficial effect against Alzheimer's disease. Our data, however, show that in SHSY5Y cells genistein causes increased expression (mRNA and protein) of amyloid precursor protein (APP), increased mRNA expression and activity of β-secretase and diminished level of insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) which also degrades amyloid beta peptide. These effects of genistein lead to enhanced accumulation of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ42) in SHSY5Y cells.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Alzheimers Dis
September 2015
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the major cause of dementia worldwide, is characterized by progressive loss of memory and cognition. The sporadic form of AD accounts for nearly 90% of the patients developing this disease. The last century has witnessed significant research to identify various mechanisms and risk factors contributing to the complex etiopathogenesis of AD by analyzing postmortem AD brains and experimenting with animal and cell culture based models.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF