Evaluation of the Expression of Programmed Death-Ligand 1 and Its Role in Differentiating Low-Grade and High-Grade Urothelial Carcinoma.

Background: Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a common malignancy, predominantly affecting males. Many tumor cells use the interaction between programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed death receptor (PD-1) to inactivate T-cells in the microenvironment and evade host immune response. Our study aims to evaluate the expression of PD-L1 in UC and correlate its expression with histomorphological parameters.

Rare Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: Covert symptoms and Diagnostic Dilemma.

Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis may result in haematogenous and lymphatic extension in case of failure of early detection, or immunocompromised status, leading to extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Rare sites of extrapulmonary tuberculosis include the gastrointestinal tract, musculoskeletal system, genital tract, middle ear and pericardium. Histopathological findings of macro-confluent granuloma with or without caseous necrosis, along with detection of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) on Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining, and GeneXpert for detection of DNA, are key in establishing a diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive importance of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and CA125 in endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma.

Background: Inflammation has an important role in the progression of endometrial carcinoma.

Aims: The aim of this study is to find the association between neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and CA125 in endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma. The study also focuses on the association of CA125, NLR, and PLR with histopathological parameters in endometrial carcinoma that are of prognostic importance.

Diversity of small round cell sarcoma in soft tissues around bone among Indian patients.

Round cell tumors are a group of malignant tumors which shows overlapping microscopic features of small round monotonous cells with hyper-chromatic nucleus. It mostly occurs in children, adolescent, and young adults. The ancillary technique to confirm the differential diagnosis of round cells sarcoma is immuno-histo chemistry (IHC).

Interesting Breast Tumours: A Tripod of Cases.

Knowledge regarding the lesser common breast tumours, including malignant papillary neoplasms and glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma, is limited. Overall, cases of papillary carcinoma of the breast fare better than invasive breast carcinoma, from the data available in literature. Glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma is characterized by the presence of clear cells, having mostly a poorer prognosis.