J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
July 2024
Objective: Acute agitation in pediatrics is commonly encountered in hospital settings, can contribute to significant physical and psychological distress, and management is highly varied in practice. As such, the development of a standardized pharmacologic guideline is paramount. We aimed to develop a novel clinical pathway (CP) for management of acute agitation for all hospitalized pediatric patients in Canada.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntroduction: Motivated by challenges faced in outpatient sleep services for mental health and neurodevelopmental disorders (MHNDD) during the COVID-19 clinical shutdown, a pan-Canadian/international working group of clinicians and social scientists developed a concept for capturing challenging sleep and wake behaviours already at the referral stage in the community setting.
Methods: In a quality improvement/quality assurance (QIQA) project, a visual logic model was the framework for identifying the multiple causes and possible interventions for sleep disturbances. Intake forms informed clinicians about situational experiences, goals/concerns, in addition to the questions from the Sleep Disturbances Scale for Children (SDSC), the ADHD Rating Scale-IV and medication history.
Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent among children with ADHD. Yet, diagnostic and treatment regimens are primarily focused on daytime symptomatology. The goals of this scoping review are to 1) identify interventional ADHD RCTs that have used sleep as an outcome measure, 2) describe and assess the validity of tools utilized to measure sleep-specific outcomes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes oxidise arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, which modulate neuronal function and inflammation in the central nervous system. Consensus guidelines suggest non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as a possible adjunctive approach in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and in children with acute-onset OCD subtypes. However, there is limited evidence to support this approach.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPsychiatric manifestations in patients with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) defects are common, and may occur even with treatment of the underlying disorder. The neurobiological background of these conditions has been linked to abnormalities of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Here, we review the psychiatric profile of all patients with BH4 defects followed in the pediatric and adult metabolic clinics at our center.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
August 2021
Objectives: To inform dosing and describe the pharmacokinetic interaction, efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine-clomipramine combination therapy for treatment-resistant pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Methods: A retrospective chart review of OCD-affected patients at a tertiary care children's hospital between January 2010 and August 2017 was conducted. Those included were 18 years of age or younger at initiation of fluvoxamine-clomipramine combination therapy and had at least one set of serum concentration values capturing clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine levels.
J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
February 2021
Objective: Literature describing use of clozapine by children and adolescents is limited. The primary study objective was to assess the patterns of clozapine use in an inpatient child and adolescent population.
Methods: A retrospective review of child and adolescent inpatients receiving clozapine at a Canadian children's hospital from January 2000 through December 2014 was conducted.
Acute agitation in the pediatric emergency department (ED) has the potential to escalate into aggression and result in harm. Rapid and effective management may be warranted. Use of pro re nata (prn) oral immediate-release (IR) quetiapine, haloperidol, loxapine, and chlorpromazine has been observed in the pediatric ED at Surrey Memorial Hospital to manage this condition; however, evidence for oral prn antipsychotic use is limited in the pediatric population.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
May 2020
We present a case of a preteen with autism spectrum disorder and severe self-injurious behavior who developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome on antipsychotics and required urgent electroconvulsive therapy and continued maintenance electroconvulsive therapy for ongoing clinical stability.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
April 2019
This is a review of the empirical literature regarding what has been described anecdotally as patients who are 'rapid metabolizers' of stimulant medication. The authors propose that this is a misnomer used to describe two types of atypical pharmacokinetic patterns of response: high-dose responders, short-duration responders and two types of atypical pharmacodynamics patterns of response: patients who develop either acute or chronic tolerance. The authors propose that use of more precise terminology should facilitate both patient education and research to better understand the physiology and clinical management of atypical response patterns to stimulant treatment.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol
August 2016
J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
April 2016
J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol
April 2015
Objective: In children and adolescents, the prevalence rate of mental illness is claimed to be as high as 10-20%. Effective pharmacological treatments are available for use in children, adolescents, and adults; however, most of what is known about the effects of these treatments has been confirmed in clinical studies involving adults only. Second generation antipsychotic drugs (SGAs) are the most common class of antipsychotic medication used in pediatric populations, and these drugs are increasingly being used for disorders other than psychosis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol
March 2014
J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
February 2014
Objective: To review the basic pharmacology and published literature regarding use of guanfacine extended-release (GXR) for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents.
Methods: A LITERATURE REVIEW WAS CONDUCTED USING THE SEARCH TERMS: 'guanfacine', with limits set to: Human trials, English Language, and All Child (Age 0-18). Articles pertaining to guanfacine immediate-release or for indications other than attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were not included for analysis.
The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and patterns of antipsychotic use in children and adolescents at the time of admission and discharge from a tertiary care inpatient psychiatric facility. This retrospective analysis included all patients 18 years and younger, who were admitted and discharged from a child and adolescent tertiary care inpatient psychiatric facility between May 1, 2008 and December 31, 2009. Data for medications at admission were obtained using a province-wide network that links all pharmacies in British Columbia, Canada to a central set of data systems, whereas data for medications at discharge were obtained using the Department of Pharmacy's (British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) inpatient computer database.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Antipsychotic drugs can be used to help treat a wide variety of psychiatric disorders. However, specific antipsychotic drugs for any particular patient may need to be changed for a number of different reasons, including a lack of therapeutic efficacy and / or intolerance to medication side-effects. Drug switching may occur through a limited number of established patterns.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: The use of moxifloxacin (Avelox) has increased at Vancouver General Hospital since its introduction onto the formulary in 2002. It is unclear, however, whether the use of the drug is optimal according to its indication. Hand-held electronic devices, such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), are novel tools that can be used during routine patient care to collect data for drug use evaluation (DUE) reviews.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
May 2012
Objective: To review the randomized controlled trial data regarding pharmacotherapy of irritability of autism.
Method: A LITERATURE REVIEW WAS CONDUCTED USING THE MEDLINE SEARCH TERMS: 'autism' OR 'autism spectrum disorder' with the following limits: Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), human trials, English language. Additional articles were identified from reference information.