Diagnosed Concussion and Undiagnosed Head Trauma Is Associated With Long-Term Concussion-Related Symptoms in Former College Football Players.

Objective: Head trauma experienced in contact football is a growing health concern, but limited research has been conducted to assess associations between head trauma exposure and long-term concussion-related symptoms among former college football players.

Design: We surveyed 275 former college football players who were at least 10 yrs after competition to determine the association between head trauma exposure and concussion-related symptoms later in life. Respondents provided data on their youth, high school and college playing experience, undiagnosed head injury, diagnosed concussions, and eight concussion-related symptoms.

Topical menthol, ice, peripheral blood flow, and perceived discomfort.

Context: Injury management commonly includes decreasing arterial blood flow to the affected site in an attempt to reduce microvascular blood flow and edema and limit the induction of inflammation. Applied separately, ice and menthol gel decrease arterial blood flow, but the combined effects of ice and menthol gel on arterial blood flow are unknown.

Objectives: To compare radial artery blood flow, arterial diameter, and perceived discomfort before and after the application of 1 of 4 treatment conditions.

Comparison of the effects of ice and 3.5% menthol gel on blood flow and muscle strength of the lower arm.

Context: Soft-tissue injuries are commonly treated with ice or menthol gels. Few studies have compared the effects of these treatments on blood flow and muscle strength.

Objective: To compare blood flow and muscle strength in the forearm after an application of ice or menthol gel or no treatment.

A transtheoretical, case management approach to the treatment of pediatric obesity.

Objective: The percentage of obese children in the United States has increased dramatically over the past three decades, particularly among ethnic/ racial minorities. This study sought to examine the impact of a clinical case-management intervention based upon the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) to reduce obesity and increase physical activity in children.

Methods: Nineteen obese African-American children ages 8-12 were recruited from two pediatric clinics and were randomized to either a 12-week intervention group or a control group.

Reducing risk factors for childhood obesity: the Tommie Smith Youth Athletic Initiative.

This study has sought to determine if the Tommie Smith Youth Athletic Initiative (TSYAI) intervention could decrease the risk factors for childhood obesity among children 5 to 10 years of age. The TSYAI intervention is a 14-week after-school intervention for students in Grades K-5 that was started during the spring of 2008. It serves 63 children in a predominantly African American elementary school.

Effect of exercise at three exercise intensities on salivary cortisol.

Changes in cortisol concentration in response to exercise at 3 different intensities were quantified. Ten apparently healthy, recreationally active males participated. On 4 separate occasions, subjects were assigned a random order of 1-hour cycle ergometer bouts of exercise at 44.