Predictors of Poor Response and Adverse Events Following Botulinum Toxin A for Refractory Idiopathic Overactive Bladder: A Systematic Review.

Context: Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injections are effective in managing refractory overactive bladder (OAB). However, some patients exhibit a poor response and/or experience adverse events (AEs) such as voiding dysfunction necessitating clean intermittent self-catheterisation (CISC) and urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Objective: To systematically evaluate whether poor response/AEs to BTX-A for idiopathic OAB are predictable.

High pressure versus low pressure electromagnetic extracorporeal lithotripsy.

A low pressure and an upgraded high pressure electromagnetic lithotriptor were compared for the treatment of calculi within the ureter. The upgrading allows for increased energy density onto the stone surface. We targeted 139 ureteral calculi (average diameter 8.