Tensile forces in the neurovascular bundle: A contributor to orthodontic relapse?

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the neurovascular bundle (NVB) as a potential orthodontic relapse factor. The mechanical properties and the forces generated in the NVB after orthodontic extrusion are explored.

Materials And Methods: Six NVBs branching from the inferior alveolar nerve to the apices of the mandibular canines and premolars of mature pigs were harvested.

Reproductive ecology and postpollination development in the hydrophilous monocot Ruppia maritima.

Premise: Water-pollination (hydrophily) is a rare but important pollination mechanism that has allowed angiosperms to colonize marine and aquatic habitats. Hydrophilous plants face unique reproductive challenges, and many have evolved characteristic pollen traits and pollination strategies that may have downstream consequences for pollen performance. However, little is known about reproductive development in the life history stage between pollination and fertilization (the progamic phase) in hydrophilous plants.