Geodesign in the era of artificial intelligence.

This paper explores the evolution of Geodesign in addressing spatial and environmental challenges from its early foundations to the recent integration of artificial intelligence (AI). AI enhances existing Geodesign methods by automating spatial data analysis, improving land use classification, refining heat island effect assessment, optimizing energy use, facilitating green infrastructure planning, and generating design scenarios. Despite the transformative potential of AI in Geodesign, challenges related to data quality, model interpretability, and ethical concerns such as privacy and bias persist.