Different TLR signaling pathways drive pathology in experimental cerebral malaria vs. malaria-driven liver and lung pathology.

Malaria infection causes multiple organ-specific lethal pathologies, including cerebral malaria, and severe liver and lung pathologies by inducing strong inflammatory responses. Gene polymorphism studies suggest that TLR4 and TLR2 contribute to severe malaria, but the roles of these signaling molecules in malaria pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. We hypothesize that danger-associated molecular patterns produced in response to malaria activate TLR2 and TLR4 signaling and contribute to liver and lung pathologies.

Impact of oxidative stress in response to malarial infection during pregnancy: Complications, histological changes, and pregnancy outcomes.

Background And Objectives: Pregnancy malaria is a major underestimated global public health problem. To understand the involvement of oxidative stress (OS) in the pathophysiology of placental malaria, OS biomarkers, malondialdehyde (MDA), uric acid (UA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were analyzed and correlated to placental histopathological changes and pregnancy outcomes.

Methods: A hospital-based study was conducted in Mangaluru, Karnataka, India, to analyze the changes in hematological parameters and the serum OS biomarker levels.

IL-4 Treatment Mitigates Experimental Cerebral Malaria by Reducing Parasitemia, Dampening Inflammation, and Lessening the Cytotoxicity of T Cells.

Cytokine responses to malaria play important roles in both protective immunity development and pathogenesis. Although the roles of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-12, IFN-γ, and IL-10 in immunity and pathogenesis to the blood stage malaria are largely known, the role of IL-4 remains less understood. IL-4 targets many cell types and induces multiple effects, including cell proliferation, gene expression, protection from apoptosis, and immune regulation.

Acquired antibody responses against merozoite surface protein-1 antigen during and infections in South Indian city of Mangaluru.

Merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) of malaria parasites has been extensively studied as a malaria vaccine candidate and the antibody response to this protein is an important indicator of protective immunity to malaria. Mangaluru city and its surrounding areas in southwestern India are endemic to malaria with being the most widespread and prevalent species although also frequently infects. However, no information is available on the level of protective immunity in this population.

Clinical features and haematological parameters among malaria patients in Mangaluru city area in the southwestern coastal region of India.

The aim of this study was to assess the clinical profile, severity and complications of patients suffering from malaria in Mangaluru, a southwestern coastal city in India. A total of 579 patients, who were treated at the District Wenlock Hospital, Mangaluru, and 168 healthy controls were recruited in this study. The clinical profile, haematological and biochemical parameters, and disease complications were assessed.

Association between inflammatory cytokine levels and anemia during and infections in Mangaluru: A Southwestern Coastal Region of India.

Background And Objectives: Dysregulated production of inflammatory cytokines might play important role in anemia during malaria infection. The objective of this study was to assess the extent of anemia due to malaria, associated complications, and inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], interleukin [IL]-6, and IL-10) across varying anemic intensity during malaria infections.

Materials And Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at District Wenlock hospital in Mangaluru city.

Association between Inflammatory Cytokine Levels and Thrombocytopenia during and Infections in South-Western Coastal Region of India.

Background: Thrombocytopenia is a most commonly observed complication during malaria infections. Inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10 have been documented in malaria induced thrombocytopaenia. This study was aimed to understand the possible relationship between inflammatory cytokines across varying degrees of thrombocytopenia during , and mixed infections.

Malaria Severity in Mangaluru City in the Southwestern Coastal Region of India.

Dakshina Kannada district in the Southwestern region of Karnataka state, India, including Mangaluru city is endemic to malaria. About 80% of malaria infections in Mangaluru and its surrounding areas are caused by and the remainder is due to . Malaria-associated clinical complications significantly occur in this region.

Malaria prevalence in Mangaluru city area in the southwestern coastal region of India.

Background: Malaria is highly prevalent in many parts of India and the Indian subcontinent. Mangaluru, a city in the southwest coastal region of Karnataka state in India, and surrounding areas are malaria endemic with 10-12 annual parasite index. Despite high endemicity, to-date, very little has been reported on the epidemiology and burden of malaria in this area.

Small molecule-based inhibition of MEK1/2 proteins dampens inflammatory responses to malaria, reduces parasite load, and mitigates pathogenic outcomes.

Malaria infections cause several systemic and severe single- or multi-organ pathologies, killing hundreds of thousands of people annually. Considering the existing widespread resistance of malaria parasites to anti-parasitic drugs and their high propensity to develop drug resistance, alternative strategies are required to manage malaria infections. Because malaria is a host immune response-driven disease, one approach is based on gaining a detailed understanding of the molecular and cellular processes that modulate malaria-induced innate and adaptive immune responses.

Malaria Transmission Under an Unusual Circumstance Causing Death in Two Siblings.

Two school-going siblings from a family residing in a presumed malaria non-endemic locality ∼90 km from Mangalore city in southwestern India contracted Plasmodium falciparum infection. In both cases, misunderstanding of initial clinical symptoms as due to viral hepatitis resulted in progression to severe malaria before malaria treatment was initiated. Despite treatment at a tertiary hospital, the children died of cerebral malaria and multi-organ dysfunction.

Correlation of three different knee joint position sense measures.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate correlation during concurrent measurement among three knee joint position sense (JPS) measures in sitting position and between two measures in standing position.

Methods: Isokinetic dynamometer, electrogoniometer, and two dimensional (2D) video analysis were used for measuring knee JPS. The JPS was measured both in sitting and standing positions.