The abuse and overuse of antibiotics increased not only the exposure of aquatic animals to antibiotics but also the development of resistance in pathogenic bacteria. To investigate the effects and mechanisms of exposure, a long-term experiment lasting 120 days was conducted in which Xenopus tropicalis was exposed to single and combined stress factors of multiresistant pathogenic Shigella flexneri and ciprofloxacin (CIP). The intestinal oxidative stress, immune factors and flora, as well as the brain-gut axis correlation factors of X.
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