Voluntary consensus based geospatial data standards for the global illegal trade in wild fauna and flora.

We have more data about wildlife trafficking than ever before, but it remains underutilized for decision-making. Central to effective wildlife trafficking interventions is collection, aggregation, and analysis of data across a range of source, transit, and destination geographies. Many data are geospatial, but these data cannot be effectively accessed or aggregated without appropriate geospatial data standards.

The cerebral microvasculature: Basic and clinical perspectives on stroke and glioma.

Microvascular networks are vital components of the cardiovascular system, performing many key roles in maintaining the health and homeostasis of the tissues and organs in which they develop. As discussed in this review, the molecular and cellular components within the microcirculation orchestrate critical processes to establish functional capillary beds, including organization of endothelial cell (EC) polarity, guiding investment of vascular pericytes (PCs), and building the specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) that comprises the vascular basement membrane (vBM). Herein, we further discuss the unique features of the microvasculature in the central nervous system (CNS), focusing on the cells contributing to the neurovascular unit (NVU) that form and maintain the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

Stratifying ocean sampling globally and with depth to account for environmental variability.

With increasing depth, the ocean is less sampled for physical, chemical and biological variables. Using the Global Marine Environmental Datasets (GMED) and Ecological Marine Units (EMUs), we show that spatial variation in environmental variables decreases with depth. This is also the case over temporal scales because seasonal change, surface weather conditions, and biological activity are highest in shallow depths.

The emergence of spatial cyberinfrastructure.

Cyberinfrastructure integrates advanced computer, information, and communication technologies to empower computation-based and data-driven scientific practice and improve the synthesis and analysis of scientific data in a collaborative and shared fashion. As such, it now represents a paradigm shift in scientific research that has facilitated easy access to computational utilities and streamlined collaboration across distance and disciplines, thereby enabling scientific breakthroughs to be reached more quickly and efficiently. Spatial cyberinfrastructure seeks to resolve longstanding complex problems of handling and analyzing massive and heterogeneous spatial datasets as well as the necessity and benefits of sharing spatial data flexibly and securely.

Differential kinetic behavior and distribution for pteroylglutamic acid and reduced folates: a revised hypothesis of the primary site of PteGlu metabolism in humans.

Single (13)C(6)-labeled doses of pteroylmonoglutamic acid (PteGlu: 634 nmol; n = 14), (6S-)5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid (431-569 nmol; n = 16), or [(15)N(1-7)]-intrinsically labeled spinach (mainly 5-methyltetrahydrofolate) (588 nmol; n = 14) were fed to fasting adult volunteers. Plasma-labeled 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid responses were monitored for 8 h. There was a slower rate of increase in plasma-labeled 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid and longer time to peak (171 +/- 9 min; mean +/- SEM) following an oral dose of [(13)C(6)]PteGlu than either [(13)C(6)]5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid (54 +/- 10 min) or [(15)N(1-7)]spinach folate (60 +/- 13 min) suggesting saturated metabolic capacity for the biotransformation of PteGlu.

Hepatic production of VLDL1 but not VLDL2 is related to insulin resistance in normoglycaemic middle-aged subjects.

Insulin resistance is probably the defining feature of the metabolic syndrome and is an important determinant of plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations. We sought to investigate whether insulin resistance influenced the metabolism of VLDL1 (Sf 60-400) and VLDL2 (Sf 20-60). Sixteen (eight men, eight women) middle-aged, normoglycaemic subjects participated.

Is there more to folates than neural-tube defects?

The purpose of the present paper is to review our current understanding of the chemistry and biochemistry of folic acid and related folates, and to discuss their impact on public health beyond that already established in relation to neural-tube defects. Our understanding of the fascinating world of folates and C1 metabolism, and their role in health and disease, has come a long way since the discovery of the B-vitamin folic acid by Wills (1931), and its first isolation by Mitchell et al. (1941).

Effects of dietary monounsaturated fatty acids on lipoprotein concentrations, compositions, and subfraction distributions and on VLDL apolipoprotein B kinetics: dose-dependent effects on LDL.

Background: Replacing dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) lowers LDL cholesterol, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

Objective: We assessed the effects of replacing dietary SFAs with MUFAs on concentrations and subclass distributions of VLDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein, LDL, and HDL and on VLDL apolipoprotein B kinetics.

Design: Thirty-five moderately hypercholesterolemic, middle-aged volunteers consumed for 6 wk, in random order, diets containing low (L-MUFA; 7.