Peak torque and rotational stiffness developed at the shoe-surface interface: the effect of shoe type and playing surface.

Background: Shoe-surface interactions have been implicated in the high number of noncontact knee injuries suffered by athletes at all levels.

Purpose: To examine shoe-surface interactions on newer field designs and compare these with more traditional shoe-surface combinations. The peak torque and rotational stiffness (the rate at which torque is developed under rotation) were determined.