Gut Microbiome and Metabolic and Immune Indices in Males with or without Evidence of Metabolic Dysregulation.

Background: The contributions of the gut microbiota to obesity and metabolic disease represent a potentially modifiable factor that may explain variation in risk between individuals. This study aimed to explore relationships among microbial composition and imputed functional attributes, a range of soluble metabolic and immune indices, and gene expression markers in males with or without evidence of metabolic dysregulation (MetDys).

Methods: This case-control study included healthy males (n=15; 41.

Temporal trends in, and associations of, early-career general practitioner prescriptions of second-line Type 2 Diabetes medications, 2010-2018.

Introduction: Second-line pharmacotherapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ('diabetes') is necessary for optimal glycaemic control and preventing longer-term complications. We aimed to describe temporal trends in, and associations of, Australian general practitioner (GP) registrars' prescription, and initiation, of 'new' second-line oral agents (dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists) compared to sulphonylureas.

Materials And Methods: A longitudinal analysis (2010-2018) of data from the Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training project.

Association Between a Low-Carbohydrate Diet, Glycemic Control, and Quality of Life in Australian Adults Living With Type 1 Diabetes: A Pilot Study.

Objective: To examine if there is an association between a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD), glycemic control, and quality of life (QoL) in Australian adults with type 1 diabetes.

Methods: This single-group, pre-post, mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) study was conducted in an outpatient tertiary hospital. Eligible participants were those aged ≥18 years, with type 1 diabetes for ≥1 year, and using multiple daily insulin injections.

Association Between a Low Carbohydrate Diet, Quality of Life, and Glycemic Control in Australian Adults Living With Type 1 Diabetes: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Pilot Study.

Background: Globally, the prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is rising. In 2020, a total of 124,652 Australians had T1DM. Maintaining optimal glycemic control (hemoglobin A ≤7.

A safety and pharmacodynamics study of temelimab, an antipathogenic human endogenous retrovirus type W envelope monoclonal antibody, in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Aim: To report the first study of temelimab, a monoclonal antibody neutralizing the pathogenic human endogenous retrovirus type W envelope, in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Materials And Methods: This double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial recruited adult patients with T1D within 4 years postdiagnosis and remaining C-peptide secretion. Sixty-four patients were randomized (2:1) to monthly temelimab 6 mg/kg or placebo during 24 weeks followed by a 24-week, open-label extension, during which all patients received temelimab.

BARIATRIC SURGERY FOR PRE-OPERATIVE WEIGHT REDUCTION IN A PATIENT WITH PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA.

Objective: Obesity is a predictor of adverse outcomes in patients undergoing adrenalectomy. Pre-adrenalectomy weight reduction is becoming an increasingly common challenge in view of the rising prevalence of obesity. This case report describes the clinical course of a morbidly obese gentleman who underwent bariatric surgery prior to pheochromocytoma resection.

Appropriateness of ultrasound imaging for thyroid pathology, the standard of radiology reporting on thyroid nodules and the detection rates of thyroid malignancy: a tertiary centre retrospective audit.

Background: The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing worldwide without a simultaneous rise in mortality. It is thought that the incidence of non-clinically significant thyroid cancers are on the rise as a result of more sensitive diagnostic imaging.

Aim: To determine the number of inappropriate requests for thyroid ultrasound (US), the quality of radiology reporting for thyroid nodules based on accepted guidelines and the resultant number of thyroid cancers identified because of these investigations.

Resources to Guide Exercise Specialists Managing Adults with Diabetes.

Exercise is an important element to optimize health and well-being, though navigating exercise safely can be challenging for exercise specialists working with people with diabetes. Measuring glucose levels before an exercise session assists in the determination of whether exercise is safe for a person with diabetes. A number of organizations have recently developed guidelines to provide exercise and diabetes recommendations based on glucose levels and other relevant factors.

Enteroendocrine and adipokine associations with type 2 diabetes: Phenotypic risk scoring approaches.

Background And Aim: The contribution of gut-derived factors to the mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease remains under-investigated. The aim of the current study was to examine the associations between glucagon and enteroendocrine signaling and type 2 diabetes (T2D) using a derived risk score approach. To compare the relative importance of the enteroendocrine system, associations between adipokine measures and T2D were also investigated.

Increased intestinal permeability as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.

Aim: Relationships between the intestinal microbiota, intestinal permeability and inflammation in the context of risk for obesity-associated disease continue to be of interest. The aim of the study was to examine the associations between intestinal permeability and type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods: A total of 130 individuals with T2D (age: 57.

Glucose-lowering medicines for type 2 diabetes.

Background: There is an increasing array of medicines available to improve blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes. Finding the best combination for an individual patient requires an assessment of the patient's characteristics and understanding the mechanism of action for each drug.

Objective: The aim of this article is to provide a rational approach for choosing between the various blood glucose-lowering medicines available for treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Frequency of hand and shoulder symptoms in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Aims: To characterize the frequency of joint symptoms in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus and to determine the subset of patients at risk of developing these symptoms.

Methods: We invited patients with Type 1 diabetes to complete a survey in which upper limb joint symptoms were scored using a composite of the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index and a visual analogue scale. Family or friends of the participants, without diabetes, completed control surveys.

Autoimmune thyroid disease in the use of alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis: a review.

Objective: The monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab has been demonstrated to reduce the risks of relapse and accumulation of sustained disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients when compared to β-interferon. The development of autoimmune diseases, including thyroid disease, has been reported in the literature with a frequency of 20 to 30%. In this article, we describe 4 cases of alemtuzumab-induced thyroid disease in patients with MS.

Danger of hypoglycemia due to acute tramadol poisoning.

Objective: To report a case of prolonged hypoglycemia after acute tramadol poisoning.

Methods: We describe a patient's clinical presentation and outcome with prolonged hypoglycemia attributable to acute tramadol poisoning. In addition, the possible mechanism for the hypoglycemia is discussed, and a brief review of the pertinent literature is presented.

Testes and brain gene expression in precocious male and adult maturing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).

Background: The male Atlantic salmon generally matures in fresh water upon returning after one or several years at sea. Some fast-growing male parr develop an alternative life strategy where they sexually mature before migrating to the oceans. These so called 'precocious' parr or 'sneakers' can successfully fertilise adult female eggs and so perpetuate their line.

MicroRNA signatures predict oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2/neu receptor status in breast cancer.

Introduction: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease encompassing a number of phenotypically diverse tumours. Expression levels of the oestrogen, progesterone and HER2/neu receptors which characterize clinically distinct breast tumours have been shown to change during disease progression and in response to systemic therapies. Mi(cro)RNAs play critical roles in diverse biological processes and are aberrantly expressed in several human neoplasms including breast cancer, where they function as regulators of tumour behaviour and progression.

Identification of suitable endogenous control genes for microRNA gene expression analysis in human breast cancer.

The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) added an extra level of intricacy to the already complex system regulating gene expression. These single-stranded RNA molecules, 18-25 nucleotides in length, negatively regulate gene expression through translational inhibition or mRNA cleavage. The discovery that aberrant expression of specific miRNAs contributes to human disease has fueled much interest in profiling the expression of these molecules.

Bovine kappa-casein gene promoter haplotypes with potential implications for milk protein expression.

Genetic analysis of the kappa-casein gene (CSN3) promoter regions of 42 cattle representing 9 different breeds revealed that 2 distinct haplotypes (A and B) exist at this locus, differing from each other by single base changes at positions -514 (T/G), -426 (T/C), and -384 (T/C), where haplotype A has bases T, T, and T and haplotype B has bases G, C, and C. The AA and AB haplotypes were found to occur at a higher frequency in the animals tested, with 69.0 and 21.

Extreme hypernatraemia: a case report and brief review.

A 44-year-old man presented with extreme hypernatraemia. The case is unique in three respects: the patient's plasma sodium concentration was 208mmol/L; the aetiology was multifactorial, including essential hypernatraemia, hypodipsia and high ambient temperature; and the patient survived with full neurological recovery. We briefly review various disorders of thirst and osmorecepters.

Long-term effects of a sustained-release preparation of acipimox on dyslipidemia and glucose metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Elevated circulating plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) may contribute to the insulin resistance and hyperglycemia of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and decreasing plasma NEFA could provide a therapeutic benefit. A sustained-release preparation of acipimox, a lipolysis inhibitor, was used in an attempt to decrease circulating plasma NEFA levels long-term, and the effects on glycemic control, insulin resistance, and serum lipids were measured. Sixty NIDDM patients (43 males and 17 females) took part in a randomized controlled trial of acipimox or placebo for 12 weeks.