Measuring implicit associations between food and body stimuli in anorexia nervosa: a Go/No-Go Association Task.

Purpose: The present study aimed to explore the implicit associations between food and bodily stimuli in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and control subjects (HC).

Methods: A Go/No-Go Association Task was administrated to 55 participants (28 AN and 27 HC), using food stimuli (low-calorie food vs. high-calorie food) and body stimuli (underweight vs.

The effect of social norms on vegetarian choices is moderated by intentions to follow a vegetarian diet in the future: Evidence from a laboratory and field study.

Social norms could be a tool in dietary transition toward more sustainable diets, but the results of social norms interventions aimed at encouraging the selection of plant-based foods to date have been inconsistent. One reason for this might be because there are important moderating factors that have yet to be investigated. Here we examine social modeling of vegetarian food choices and test whether modeling is dependent upon individual intentions to follow a vegetarian diet in the future in two different settings.

Principles and Validations of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Recommender System Suggesting Acceptable Food Changes.

Background: Along with the popularity of smartphones, artificial intelligence-based personalized suggestions can be seen as promising ways to change eating habits toward more desirable diets.

Objectives: Two issues raised by such technologies were addressed in this study. The first hypothesis tested is a recommender system based on automatically learning simple association rules between dishes of the same meal that would make it possible to identify plausible substitutions for the consumer.

Dopamine Modulates the Processing of Food Odour in the Ventral Striatum.

Food odour is a potent stimulus of food intake. Odour coding in the brain occurs in synergy or competition with other sensory information and internal signals. For eliciting feeding behaviour, food odour coding has to gain signification through enrichment with additional labelling in the brain.

Associations between Perceived Social Eating Norms and Initiation and Maintenance of Changes in Dietary Habits during the First COVID-19 Lockdown in France.

Changes in dietary habits of the French population have been reported during the national lockdown that was enforced due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigated whether perceived social eating norms were associated with the initiation and maintenance of dietary changes that took place as a result of lockdown. An online study collected information on (1) changes in consumption implemented during the lockdown and the maintenance of these changes, and (2) perceptions about changes in consumption implemented during lockdown by household members, relatives out of home, and the general population.

Diet Protein Content and Individual Phenotype Affect Food Intake and Protein Appetence in Rats.

Background: A low-protein diet can induce compensatory intake of excess energy. This must be better evaluated to anticipate the obesogenic risk that may result from the dietary recommendations for reducing animal protein consumption.

Objectives: We aimed to further characterize the behavioral and physiological responses to a reduction in dietary protein and to identify the determinants of protein appetite.

Social modeling of food choices in real life conditions concerns specific food categories.

The social context of eating has a profound effect on consumption choices. Social modeling, that involves using others' behavior as a guide for appropriate consumption, has been well documented for food intake, but less is known about social modeling of food choices. Moreover, social modeling has mainly been studied in laboratory settings.

The Willingness to Modify Portion Sizes or Eat New Protein Foods Largely Depends on the Dietary Pattern of Protein Intake.

Promoting a more balanced animal/plant dietary protein ratio by changing portion sizes or introducing new foods is a promising means to improve diet quality, but little is known about the willingness of individuals to adopt such changes. Our objective was to assess the willingness to adopt dietary changes by these means. In a French cross-sectional study in 2018 (n = 2055), we analyzed the association between the willingness to eat smaller or larger portions or to introduce non-consumed protein foods and the current dietary patterns of individuals and their socio-demographic characteristics.

Self-declared attitudes and beliefs regarding protein sources are a good prediction of the degree of transition to a low-meat diet in France.

Meat consumption in Western countries is declining and, while the proportion of strict vegetarians remains low, intermediate diets such as flexitarianism have been developing in recent years. Our objectives were to identify the different levels of transition towards low-meat diets, characterize how these diets differ in terms of food intake, and identify whether attitudes and beliefs can explain these degrees of transition. In a representative survey of the French adult population conducted in 2018 (n = 2055), participants declared whether they followed a particular diet and completed a food frequency questionnaire on 29 food sources of protein and a questionnaire on their attitudes and beliefs regarding protein sources.

Differences in BOLD responses in brain reward network reflect the tendency to assimilate a surprising flavor stimulus to an expected stimulus.

External information can modify the subjective value of a tasted stimulus, but little is known about neural mechanisms underlying these behavioral modifications. This study used flavored drinks to produce variable degrees of discrepancy between expected and received flavor. During a learning session, 43 healthy young men learned 4 symbol-flavor associations.

Expected satiation alone does not predict actual intake of desserts.

The degree to which consumers expect foods to satisfy hunger, referred to as expected satiation, has been reported to predict food intake. Yet this relationship has not been established precisely, at a quantitative level. We sought to explore this relationship in detail by determining whether expected satiation predicts the actual intake of semi-solid desserts.

Assimilation and contrast are on the same scale of food anticipated-experienced pleasure divergence.

Consumption of a product is preceded by an anticipation of its qualities by the consumer, which can itself modify the consumption experience. Improved knowledge of anticipation would allow better manipulation of it, for example to enhance the acceptance of healthier foods. According to the Assimilation-Contrast theory, the size of anticipation-reality divergence determines how anticipation influences consumers' satisfaction.

Environmental enrichment alters splenic immune cell composition and enhances secondary influenza vaccine responses in mice.

Chronic stress has deleterious effects on immune function, which can lead to adverse health outcomes. However, studies investigating the impact of stress reduction interventions on immunity in clinical research have yielded divergent results, potentially stemming from differences in study design and genetic heterogeneity, among other clinical research challenges. To test the hypothesis that reducing glucocorticoid levels enhances certain immune functions, we administered influenza vaccine once (prime) or twice (boost) to mice housed in either standard control caging or environmental enrichment (EE) caging.

Control of protein and energy intake - brain mechanisms.

The protein content of the diet has long been investigated for its influence on food behavior. High-protein diets promote satiety and reduce calorie intake, whereas results for low-protein diets are more contradictory and less established. Protein sensing might take place in the oral cavity or in the post-oral gastrointestinal tract, where specific receptors have been found.

[Peculiarities of superficial architectonics of peripheral blood erythrocytes in children irradiated in utero and living in the radioactive-contaminated areas].

In the dynamics of the Chernobyl postaccidental period the electron microscopy examinations of the superficial architectonics of peripheral blood erythrocytes have been performed in the children irradiated during the uterine development and at the following stages of the ontogenesis. The expressed morphological reorganization of the erythrocyte populations was revealed in the children irradiated in utero at all the stages of investigation: the number of diskocytes decreased and the number of transitory, predhemolytic and degenerative forms increased in comparison with the control. The disorders in the superficial relief and in the form of blood erythrocytes indicative of the disorganization and transformation of erythrocytes in the children irradiated in utero stipulate their functional inferiority.

[Ultrastructure of blood cells in children exposed to radiation in utero and resided in radionuclide contaminated zones].

The electron-microscopic examinations of lymphocytes and neutrophiles in circulating blood of children irradiated during intrauterine development and on posterior stages of ontogenesis were performed in dynamics after accidental period. Some changes in lymphocyte ultrastructure were revealed; namely the increased undulation of nuclear contours with dilated perinuclear space and some reconstructions of their cellular organoids (the increased density of mitochondrial matrix, crist disorganization, dilation of clear space in cisterns of cytoplasmic net, disorders in the structure of electron-dense granules). The peculiarities of neutrophile ultrastructure that are characterized by centre dilated perinuclear space, decrease in glycosomes, disorders in granular structure, vacuole presence, degradation of cytoplasm and nuclear hypersegmentation were determined.

[The hematological effects of the Chernobyl accident in children].

A total of 878 children from the regions with unfavourable radiation situation were investigated in varying periods after the catastrophe. The data obtained were compared with the results of the study of 317 children from "pure" regions. Morphological, metabolic and ultrastructural changes were detected in blood cells of the children from radioactively contaminated regions after the Chernobyl catastrophe.

[Clinico-morphologic changes in the feto-placental complex in neonatal pathology].

Organs of newborns expired in the early neonatal period were studied as were histological, histochemical and ultrastructural alterations in the placentas of fetuses with a history of chronic intrauterine hypoxia (45 cases). The findings compared with the similar investigations conducted in the females with physiological pregnancy and labor were suggestive of the interrelation of placental alterations and structural lesions in the liver and myocardium of the newborn.