Validation of a technique for integration of a digital dental model into stereophotogrammetric images of the face using cone-beam computed tomographic data.

We wanted to find and validate a new way to visualise patients' faces and their dental arches non-invasively. The stereophotogrammetric images of the faces and the digitised dental casts of seven healthy subjects were analysed. Point-based and surface-based recording techniques matched the facial image with those of the mandibular and maxillary dental arches in their relative positions.

Three-dimensional facial distances of Northern Sudanese persons from childhood to young adulthood.

No current age- and gender-related normative data exist for the dimensions of facial structures in Northern Sudanese subjects. In the current study information about normal sex- and age-related linear distances is provided. The three-dimensional coordinates of 14 landmarks on the facial soft tissues were obtained using a hand-held laser scanner in 653 healthy Northern Sudanese subjects (326 males and 327 females) aged 4-30 years.

Morphometry of the soft tissues of the orbital region in Northern Sudanese persons.

The orbital region plays a predominant role in the evaluation of the craniofacial complex. No current normative data exist for Northern Sudanese subjects. In the current study information about normal sex- and age-related dimensions of the orbital region was provided.

Three-dimensional assessment of nose and lip morphology in North Sudanese subjects with Down syndrome.

Objective: To detail the nasolabial morphologic characteristics of North Sudanese subjects with Down syndrome (DS).

Materials And Methods: Nasolabial morphology was assessed three-dimensionally in 64 North Sudanese subjects with DS aged 4 to 34 years and in 682 sex- and age-matched controls. Three-dimensional facial coordinates were collected using a laser scan, and selected distances, angles, areas, and volumes were computed.

Craniofacial growth in ectodermal dysplasia. An 8 year longitudinal evaluation of Italian subjects.

Objective: To identify the main directions of growth of facial structures in subjects with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED).

Materials And Methods: The 3D noninvasive facial measurements were collected in 12 subjects (6 boys, 6 girls) with HED during four assessments (at 8, 11, 12, and 15 years) using an electromagnetic digitizer. The modifications of linear distances in the upper, middle, and lower third of the face were analyzed and compared with cross-sectional data obtained in normal healthy coetaneous.

Active head and cervical range of motion: effect of age in healthy females.

Study Design: A study on active cervical range of motion (RoM) in healthy females of different ages.

Objective: Perform a three-dimensional quantitative analysis of active head-cervical RoM in healthy females to assess the relationship with age.

Summary Of Background Data: Age-related variations in active cervical RoM are still partially unknown: some investigations demonstrated that age has no effect whatsoever on the primary movements, whereas other studies found an inverse proportionality between age and cervical RoM.

Age- and sex-related changes in the normal human ear.

The objective of this study was to supply information about: (1) normal sex-related dimensions of ears (linear distances and ratios, area); (2) left-right symmetry; and (3) growth changes between childhood and old age. The three-dimensional coordinates of several soft-tissue landmarks on the ears and face were obtained by a non-invasive, computerized electromagnetic digitizer in 497 male and 346 female healthy subjects aged 4-73 years. From the landmarks, paired ear width and length, the relevant ratios, ear areas and angles relative to the facial midline, as well as indices of left-right symmetry, were calculated, and averaged for age and sex.

Age- and sex-related changes in the soft tissues of the orbital region.

The orbital region plays a predominant role in the evaluation of the craniofacial complex. In the current study information about normal sex-related dimensions of the orbital region, and growth, development and aging, were provided. The three-dimensional coordinates of several soft-tissue landmarks on the orbits and face were obtained by a non-invasive, computerized electromagnetic digitizer in 531 male and 357 female healthy subjects aged 4-73 years.