Recent advances in electrochemical sensor technologies for THC detection-a narrative review.

Background: Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main psychoactive component and one of the most important medicinal compounds in cannabis. Whether in human body fluids and breath or in laboratory and field samples, rapid and easy detection of THC is crucial. It provides insights into the impact of THC on human organism and its medicinal benefits, it guides the cannabis growers to determine different stages of the growth of the plant in the field, and eventually it helps scientists in the laboratory to assure the quality of the products and determine their potency or better understand the product development procedures.

Standardization and Control of Grignard Reactions in a Universal Chemical Synthesis Machine using online NMR.

A big problem with the chemistry literature is that it is not standardized with respect to precise operational parameters, and real time corrections are hard to make without expert knowledge. This lack of context means difficult reproducibility because many steps are ambiguous, and hence depend on tacit knowledge. Here we present the integration of online NMR into an automated chemical synthesis machine (CSM aka.

Convergence of multiple synthetic paradigms in a universally programmable chemical synthesis machine.

Although the automatic synthesis of molecules has been established, each reaction class uses bespoke hardware. This means that the connection of multi-step syntheses in a single machine to run many different protocols and reactions is not possible, as manual intervention is required. Here we show how the Chemputer synthesis robot can be programmed to perform many different reactions, including solid-phase peptide synthesis, iterative cross-coupling and accessing reactive, unstable diazirines in a single, unified system with high yields and purity.

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkene C=C Bonds Using a Manganese Catalyzed Oxidation with HO Combined with Periodate Oxidation.

A one-pot multi-step method for the oxidative cleavage of alkenes to aldehydes/ketones under ambient conditions is described as an alternative to ozonolysis. The first step is a highly efficient manganese catalyzed epoxidation/-dihydroxylation of alkenes. This step is followed by an Fe(III) assisted ring opening of the epoxide (where necessary) to a 1,2-diol.

Organic synthesis in a modular robotic system driven by a chemical programming language.

The synthesis of complex organic compounds is largely a manual process that is often incompletely documented. To address these shortcomings, we developed an abstraction that maps commonly reported methodological instructions into discrete steps amenable to automation. These unit operations were implemented in a modular robotic platform by using a chemical programming language that formalizes and controls the assembly of the molecules.

HO Oxidation by Fe-OOH Intermediates and Its Effect on Catalytic Efficiency.

The oxidation of the C-H and C=C bonds of hydrocarbons with HO catalyzed by non-heme iron complexes with pentadentate ligands is widely accepted as involving a reactive Fe=O species such as [(N4Py)Fe=O] formed by homolytic cleavage of the O-O bond of an Fe-OOH intermediate (where N4Py is 1,1-bis(pyridin-2-yl)-,-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)methanamine). We show here that at low HO concentrations the Fe=O species formed is detectable in methanol. Furthermore, we show that the decomposition of HO to water and O is an important competing pathway that limits efficiency in the terminal oxidant and indeed dominates reactivity except where only sub-/near-stoichiometric amounts of HO are present.

Transient Formation and Reactivity of a High-Valent Nickel(IV) Oxido Complex.

A reactive high-valent dinuclear nickel(IV) oxido bridged complex is reported that can be formed at room temperature by reaction of [(L)Ni(II)(μ-X)]X (X = Cl or Br) with NaOCl in methanol or acetonitrile (where L = 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane). The unusual Ni(IV) oxido species is stabilized within a dinuclear tris-μ-oxido-bridged structure as [(L)Ni(IV)(μ-O)]. Its structure and its reactivity with organic substrates are demonstrated through a combination of UV-vis absorption, resonance Raman, H NMR, EPR, and X-ray absorption (near-edge) spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry, and DFT methods.

Influence of Ligand Architecture in Tuning Reaction Bifurcation Pathways for Chlorite Oxidation by Non-Heme Iron Complexes.

Reaction bifurcation processes are often encountered in the oxidation of substrates by enzymes and generally lead to a mixture of products. One particular bifurcation process that is common in biology relates to electron transfer versus oxygen atom transfer by high-valent iron(IV)-oxo complexes, which nature uses for the oxidation of metabolites and drugs. In biomimicry and bioremediation, an important reaction relates to the detoxification of ClO in water, which can lead to a mixture of products through bifurcated reactions.

Identification and Spectroscopic Characterization of Nonheme Iron(III) Hypochlorite Intermediates.

Fe-hypohalite complexes have been implicated in a wide range of important enzyme-catalyzed halogenation reactions including the biosynthesis of natural products and antibiotics and post-translational modification of proteins. The absence of spectroscopic data on such species precludes their identification. Herein, we report the generation and spectroscopic characterization of nonheme Fe-hypohalite intermediates of possible relevance to iron halogenases.

Identification and spectroscopic characterization of nonheme iron(III) hypochlorite intermediates.

Fe(III)-hypohalite complexes have been implicated in a wide range of important enzyme-catalyzed halogenation reactions including the biosynthesis of natural products and antibiotics and post-translational modification of proteins. The absence of spectroscopic data on such species precludes their identification. Herein, we report the generation and spectroscopic characterization of nonheme Fe(III)-hypohalite intermediates of possible relevance to iron halogenases.

Pyridyl-1,2,4-triazole diphenyl boron complexes as efficient tuneable blue emitters.

The detection of nuclear radiation necessitates the availability of new generations of tunable blue emitting fluorophores with high emission quantum yields. Here we show that pyridyl-1,2,4-triazole based diphenyl boron complexes can provide highly tuneable emission through facile modification of the C5 position of the 1,2,4-triazolato ring. The series of complexes prepared show a wide range of emission from near-UV to green, enabling fine control over the spectral overlap with detectors used in scintillator technology.