Regulation of murine arthritis by systemic, spinal, and intra-articular adrenoceptors.

Background: The regulation of the immune system by the sympathetic nervous system is allowing the design of novel treatments for inflammatory disorders such as arthritis. In this study, we have analyzed the effects of α- and β-adrenoceptor agonists injected subcutaneously, intrathecally, or intra-articularly in zymosan-induced arthritis.

Methods: Murine arthritis was induced by intra-articular (knee joint) injection of zymosan.

Estradiol replacement therapy regulates innate immune response in ovariectomized arthritic mice.

Neuroendocrine changes are essential factors contributing to the progression and development of rheumatoid arthritis. However, the role of estrogen in the innate immunity during arthritis development is still controversial. Here, we evaluated the effect of estrous cycle, ovariectomy, estradiol replacement therapy and treatment with estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ specific agonists on joint edema formation, neutrophil recruitment, and articular levels of cytokines/chemokines in murine zymosan-induced arthritis.

Spinal GABA-B receptor modulates neutrophil recruitment to the knee joint in zymosan-induced arthritis.

Recent studies have demonstrated that the central nervous system controls inflammatory responses by activating complex efferent neuroimmune pathways. The present study was designed to evaluate the role that central gamma-aminobutyric acid type B (GABA-B) receptor plays in neutrophil migration in a murine model of zymosan-induced arthritis by using different pharmacological tools. We observed that intrathecal administration of baclofen, a selective GABA-B agonist, exacerbated the inflammatory response in the knee after zymosan administration characterized by an increase in the neutrophil recruitment and knee joint edema, whereas saclofen, a GABA-B antagonist, exerted the opposite effect.

Cytokines, but not corticotropin-releasing factor and endothelin-1, participate centrally in the febrile response in zymosan-induced arthritis in rats.

Recent literature has revealed that centrally generated prostaglandins participate in the febrile response in zymosan-induced arthritis in rats. However, it is not clear whether other centrally acting pyrogenic mediators such as cytokines, endothelins (ETs), and the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) contribute to the febrile response in this model. In the present study, rats were pretreated with intracerebroventricular (i.

Mechanisms Underlying the Antinociceptive, Antiedematogenic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Main Flavonoid from Kalanchoe pinnata.

Kalanchoe pinnata (KP) is popularly used for treating inflammatory diseases. This study investigated the antinociceptive, antiedematogenic, and anti-inflammatory potential of the subcutaneous administration of KP flower aqueous extract (KPFE), its ethyl acetate (EtOAcF) and butanol (BuOHF) fractions, and the main KP flavonoid [quercetin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl (1 → 2) α-L-rhamnopyranoside] (KPFV) in mice, as well as its possible mechanisms of action. KPFE (30-300 mg/kg) and KPFV (1-10 mg/kg) inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhing (ID50 = 164.

Dipyrone metabolite 4-MAA induces hypothermia and inhibits PGE2 -dependent and -independent fever while 4-AA only blocks PGE2 -dependent fever.

Background And Purpose: The antipyretic and hypothermic prodrug dipyrone prevents PGE2 -dependent and -independent fever induced by LPS from Escherichia coli and Tityus serrulatus venom (Tsv) respectively. We aimed to identify the dipyrone metabolites responsible for the antipyretic and hypothermic effects.

Experimental Approach: Male Wistar rats were treated i.

Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of 1.5-diphenyl-1H-Pyrazole-3-carbohydrazide, a new heterocyclic pyrazole derivative.

Aims: Heterocyclic pyrazole derivative has been described for the treatment of pain and inflammatory diseases. This study evaluated the in vivo, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of 1.5-diphenyl-1H-Pyrazole-3-carbohydrazide (1.

Simultaneous determination of dipyrone metabolites in rat hypothalamus, cerebrospinal fluid and plasma samples by LC-MS/MS.

Background: After oral administration dipyrone is rapidly hydrolyzed to 4-methylaminoantipyrine, which is absorbed and further metabolized to 4-formylaminoantipyrine and to 4-aminoantipyrine, which is acetylated by a polymorphic N-acetyltransferase system to 4-acetylaminoantipyrine. To evaluate the presence of dipyrone metabolites in different rat matrices after intraperitoneal administration, an analytical method was developed and validated.

Methodology: The four main dipyrone metabolites were extracted from plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and hypothalamus samples by LLE prior to LC-MS/MS.

Flavonoids in the therapy and prophylaxis of flu: a patent review.

Introduction: Influenza viruses are common agents of flu outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics that have occurred through the centuries. Prevention and control of flu are of great clinical importance, since they cause serious damage to health, with a consequent impact on quality of life and economy of a country. Resistance against the current drugs justifies the development of new anti-influenza molecules.

Involvement of PGE2 and RANTES in Staphylococcus aureus-induced fever in rats.

This study investigated the involvement of prostaglandins and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), in fever induced by live Staphylococcus aureus (no. 25923, American Type Culture Collection) injection in rats. S.

Febrile response induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rats: involvement of prostaglandin E2 and cytokines.

The purpose of the present study was to better understand the events involved in the febrile response induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), a complex infectious process. To this end, we conducted in vivo experiments in rats examining (1) fever development, (2) bacterial number in the infection focus and in blood, (3) peripheral and hypothalamic synthesis of cytokines, (4) hypothalamic and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) synthesis of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), (5) the effect of anti-IL-6 antibody on fever, and (6) the effect of celecoxib on fever and hypothalamic synthesis of PGE(2) after CLP induction. We found that CLP promotes fever and animal death depending on the number of punctures.

The antipyretic effect of dipyrone is unrelated to inhibition of PGE(2) synthesis in the hypothalamus.

Background And Purpose: Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces fever through two parallel pathways; one, prostaglandin (PG)-dependent and the other, PG-independent and involving endothelin-1 (ET-1). For a better understanding of the mechanisms by which dipyrone exerts antipyresis, we have investigated its effects on fever and changes in PGE(2) content in plasma, CSF and hypothalamus induced by either LPS or ET-1.

Experimental Approach: Rats were given (i.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory kaempferol glycosides from Sedum dendroideum.

Aim Of The Study: To identify the compounds responsible for the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects previously described for Sedum dendroideum, through bioassay-guided fractionation procedures.

Materials And Methods: Antinociceptive activity was evaluated through mouse acetic acid-induced writhing model. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed through croton oil-induced mouse ear oedema and carrageenan-induced peritonitis.

CCL3/MIP-1 alpha is not involved in the LPS-induced fever and its pyrogenic activity depends on CRF.

The fever induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) depends on both prostaglandin-dependent and -independent pathways. One of the prostaglandin-independent pathways is sequentially orchestrated by pre-formed pyrogenic factor derived from LPS-stimulated macrophages (PFPF), corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and interleukin-1 (IL-1). As macrophage-inflammatory-protein (MIP)-1 alpha (synonym CCL3) also induces a prostaglandin independent fever, the aim of the present study was to investigate a possible participation of CCL3/MIP-1 alpha within the prostaglandin-independent pathway of LPS-induced fever which depends on PFPF, CRF and ET-1.

Characterization and pharmacological evaluation of febrile response on zymosan-induced arthritis in rats.

The present study investigated the febrile response in zymosan-induced arthritis, as well as the increase in PGE(2) concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), along with the effects of antipyretic drugs on these responses in rats. Zymosan intra-articularly injected at the dose of 0.5 mg did not affect the body core temperature (Tc) compared with saline (control), whereas at doses of 1 and 2 mg, zymosan promoted a flattened increase in Tc and declined thereafter.

Inflammatory mediators involved in the nociceptive and oedematogenic responses induced by Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom injected into rat paws.

The present study investigated the role of kinins, prostaglandins (PGs) and nitric oxide (NO) in mechanical hypernociception, spontaneous nociception and paw oedema after intraplantar (ipl) injection of Tityus serrulatus venom (Tsv) in male Wistar rats. Tsv was ipl-injected in doses of 0.01-10microg/paw.

Quercetin does not alter lipopolysaccharide-induced fever in rats.

Fever is considered an important component of the acute phase response of the body in defence against invading organisms such as bacteria. Quercetin, an important representative of the flavonoid class, has been extensively studied as an anti-inflammatory agent. In the present study, we investigated the effect of quercetin, administered orally (5, 25 and 50 mg kg(-1)) or intraperitoneally (50 mg kg(-1)), on the febrile response induced by either intraperitoneally (50 mug kg(-1)) or intravenously (5 mug kg(-1)) injected lipopolysaccharide (LPS from Escherichia coli) in rats.

Phytochemical and pharmacological study of Sedum dendroideum leaf juice.

The fresh juice from leaves of Sedum dendroideum Moc & Sessé (Crassulaceae) is used in Brazilian traditional medicine for the treatment of gastric and inflammatory disorders. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate in vivo antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of this plant material. The oral administration (0.