Modeling Decision-Making in Schizophrenia: Associations Between Computationally Derived Risk Propensity and Self-Reported Risk Perception.

Background And Hypothesis: Schizophrenia is associated with a decreased pursuit of risky rewards during uncertain-risk decision-making. However, putative mechanisms subserving this disadvantageous risky reward pursuit, such as contributions of cognition and relevant traits, remain poorly understood.

Study Design: Participants (30 schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder [SZ]; 30 comparison participants [CP]) completed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART).

Psychosis superspectrum II: neurobiology, treatment, and implications.

Alternatives to traditional categorical diagnoses have been proposed to improve the validity and utility of psychiatric nosology. This paper continues the companion review of an alternative model, the psychosis superspectrum of the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). The superspectrum model aims to describe psychosis-related psychopathology according to data on distributions and associations among signs and symptoms.

Adult age-related differences in susceptibility to social conformity pressures in self-control over daily desires.

Developmental literature suggests that susceptibility to social conformity pressure peaks in adolescence and disappears with maturity into early adulthood. Predictions about these behaviors are less clear for middle-aged and older adults. On the one hand, while age-related increases in prioritization of socioemotional goals might predict greater susceptibility to social conformity pressures, aging is also associated with enhanced emotion regulation that could support resistance to conformity pressures.

The influence of dopamine autoreceptors on temperament and addiction risk.

As a major regulator of dopamine (DA), DA autoreceptors (DA) exert substantial influence over DA-mediated behaviors. This paper reviews the physiological and behavioral impact of DA. Individual differences in DA functioning influences temperamental traits such as novelty responsivity and impulsivity, both of which are associated with vulnerability to addictive behavior in animal models and a broad array of externalizing behaviors in humans.

Accentuated Paralimbic and Reduced Mesolimbic D-Impulsivity Associations in Parkinson's Disease.

Impulsivity is a behavioral trait that is elevated in many neuropsychiatric disorders. Parkinson's disease (PD) patients can exhibit a specific pattern of reward-seeking impulsive-compulsive behaviors (ICBs), as well as more subtle changes to generalized trait impulsivity. Prior studies in healthy controls (HCs) suggest that trait impulsivity is regulated by D autoreceptors in mesocorticolimbic circuits.

The Role of a Dopamine-Dependent Limbic-Motor Network in Sensory Motor Processing in Parkinson Disease.

Limbic and motor integration is enabled by a mesial temporal to motor cortex network. Parkinson disease (PD) is characterized by a loss of dorsal striatal dopamine but relative preservation of mesolimbic dopamine early in disease, along with changes to motor action control. Here, we studied 47 patients with PD using the Simon conflict task and [18F]fallypride PET imaging.

Measuring Antisocial Behaviors in Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia With a Novel Informant-Based Questionnaire.

Objective: Antisocial behaviors are common and problematic among patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). In the present study, the investigators aimed to validate an informant-based questionnaire developed to measure the extent and severity of antisocial behaviors among patients with dementia.

Methods: The Social Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ) was developed to measure 26 antisocial behaviors on a scale from absent (0) to very severe (5).

Rapid Interactions of Widespread Brain Networks Characterize Semantic Cognition.

Language comprehension requires the rapid retrieval and integration of contextually appropriate concepts ("semantic cognition"). Current neurobiological models of semantic cognition are limited by the spatial and temporal restrictions of single-modality neuroimaging and lesion approaches. This is a major impediment given the rapid sequence of processing steps that have to be coordinated to accurately comprehend language.

New approaches to deep phenotyping in addictions.

Objective: The causes of substance use disorders (SUDs) are largely unknown and the effectiveness of their treatments is limited. One crucial impediment to research and treatment progress surrounds how SUDs are classified and diagnosed. Given the substantial heterogeneity among individuals diagnosed with a given SUD (e.

Integrating the BIDS Neuroimaging Data Format and Workflow Optimization for Large-Scale Medical Image Analysis.

A robust medical image computing infrastructure must host massive multimodal archives, perform extensive analysis pipelines, and execute scalable job management. An emerging data format standard, the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS), introduces complexities for interfacing with XNAT archives. Moreover, workflow integration is combinatorically problematic when matching large amount of processing to large datasets.

"Emotional distractor images disrupt target processing in a graded manner": Correction.

Reports an error in "Emotional distractor images disrupt target processing in a graded manner" by Jonathan M. Keefe and David H. Zald (, Advanced Online Publication, Aug 27, 2020, np).

Emotional induced attentional blink in trauma-exposed veterans: associations with trauma specific and nonspecific symptoms.

Although theoretical models suggest that an attentional bias for threat contributes to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, this bias has not been consistently observed in the literature. In the present study, trauma exposed veterans (N = 114) performed an emotional attentional blink task in which task-irrelevant combat-related, disgust, positive, or neutral distractor images appeared 200 ms, 400 ms, 600 ms, or 800 ms (i.e.

Amphetamine-induced dopamine release and impulsivity in Parkinson's disease.

Impulsive-compulsive behaviours manifest in a substantial proportion of subjects with Parkinson's disease. Reduced ventral striatum dopamine receptor availability, and increased dopamine release is noted in patients with these symptoms. Prior studies of impulsivity suggest that midbrain D2 autoreceptors regulate striatal dopamine release in a feedback inhibitory manner, and in healthy populations, greater impulsivity is linked to poor proficiency of this inhibition.

D-Like Receptor Expression in the Hippocampus and Amygdala Informs Performance on the Stop-Signal Task in Parkinson's Disease.

The stop-signal task is a well-established assessment of response inhibition, and in humans, proficiency is linked to dorsal striatum D receptor availability. Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by changes to efficiency of response inhibition. Here, we studied 17 PD patients (6 female and 11 male) using the stop-signal paradigm in a single-blinded d-amphetamine (dAMPH) study.

Influences of dopaminergic system dysfunction on late-life depression.

Deficits in cognition, reward processing, and motor function are clinical features relevant to both aging and depression. Individuals with late-life depression often show impairment across these domains, all of which are moderated by the functioning of dopaminergic circuits. As dopaminergic function declines with normal aging and increased inflammatory burden, the role of dopamine may be particularly salient for late-life depression.

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Shortcomings of approaches to classifying psychopathology based on expert consensus have given rise to contemporary efforts to classify psychopathology quantitatively. In this paper, we review progress in achieving a quantitative and empirical classification of psychopathology. A substantial empirical literature indicates that psychopathology is generally more dimensional than categorical.

Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): II. Externalizing superspectrum.

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is an empirical effort to address limitations of traditional mental disorder diagnoses. These include arbitrary boundaries between disorder and normality, disorder co-occurrence in the modal case, heterogeneity of presentation within dis-orders, and instability of diagnosis within patients. This paper reviews the evidence on the validity and utility of the disinhibited externalizing and antagonistic externalizing spectra of HiTOP, which together constitute a broad externalizing superspectrum.

Dispositional Negative Emotionality in Childhood and Adolescence Predicts Structural Variation in the Amygdala and Caudal Anterior Cingulate During Early Adulthood: Theoretically and Empirically Based Tests.

Substantial evidence implicates the amygdala and related structures in the processing of negative emotions. Furthermore, neuroimaging evidence suggests that variations in amygdala volumes are related to trait-like individual differences in neuroticism/negative emotionality, although many questions remain about the nature of such associations. We conducted planned tests of the directional prediction that dispositional negative emotionality measured at 10-17 years using parent and youth ratings on the Child and Adolescent Dispositions Scale (CADS) would predict larger volumes of the amygdala in adulthood and conducted exploratory tests of associations with other regions implicated in emotion processing.

Hierarchical models of psychopathology: empirical support, implications, and remaining issues.

There is an ongoing revolution in psychology and psychiatry that will likely change how we conceptualize, study and treat psychological problems.- Many theorists now support viewing psychopathology as consisting of continuous dimensions rather than discrete diagnostic categories. Indeed, recent papers have proposed comprehensive taxonomies of psychopathology dimensions to replace the DSM and ICD taxonomies of categories.

Pandora: 4-D White Matter Bundle Population-Based Atlases Derived from Diffusion MRI Fiber Tractography.

Brain atlases have proven to be valuable neuroscience tools for localizing regions of interest and performing statistical inferences on populations. Although many human brain atlases exist, most do not contain information about white matter structures, often neglecting them completely or labelling all white matter as a single homogenous substrate. While few white matter atlases do exist based on diffusion MRI fiber tractography, they are often limited to descriptions of white matter as spatially separate "regions" rather than as white matter "bundles" or fascicles, which are well-known to overlap throughout the brain.

Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Depressive Symptoms in Children and Adolescents Predict Adulthood Psychopathology.

Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is characterized by behavioral symptoms reflecting slowness and lethargy (e.g., sluggishness, appearing sleepy) and inconsistent alertness/mental confusion (e.

Emotional distractor images disrupt target processing in a graded manner.

[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported online in on May 16 2022 (see record 2022-64181-001). In the article "Emotional Distractor Images Disrupt Target Processing in a Graded Manner" by Jonathan M. Keefe and David H.

Distortion correction of diffusion weighted MRI without reverse phase-encoding scans or field-maps.

Diffusion magnetic resonance images may suffer from geometric distortions due to susceptibility induced off resonance fields, which cause geometric mismatch with anatomical images and ultimately affect subsequent quantification of microstructural or connectivity indices. State-of-the art diffusion distortion correction methods typically require data acquired with reverse phase encoding directions, resulting in varying magnitudes and orientations of distortion, which allow estimation of an undistorted volume. Alternatively, additional field maps acquisitions can be used along with sequence information to determine warping fields.

Neurobiology and the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology: progress toward ontogenetically informed and clinically useful nosology .

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is an empirical structural model of psychological symptoms formulated to improve the reliability and validity of clinical assessment. Neurobiology can inform assessments of early risk and intervention strategies, and the HiTOP model has greater potential to interface with neurobiological measures than traditional categorical diagnoses given its enhanced reliability. However, one complication is that observed biological correlates of clinical symptoms can reflect various factors, ranging from dispositional risk to consequences of psychopathology.

Sex differences in associations of socioemotional dispositions measured in childhood and adolescence with brain white matter microstructure 12 years later.

Predictive associations were estimated between socioemotional dispositions measured at 10-17 years using the Child and Adolescent Dispositions Scale (CADS) and future individual differences in white matter microstructure measured at 22-31 years of age. Participants were 410 twins (48.3% monozygotic) selected for later neuroimaging by oversampling on risk for psychopathology from a representative sample of child and adolescent twins.