Mapping hazards to the global food system.

Environmental hazards associated with the global food system threaten societal integrity. Yet, there is a major data gap in the global understanding of how the prevalence of hazards is changing over time, how different classes of hazard are distributed, and whether the combined literature represents hazard prevalence equitably across research, policy and legislation, and news. Here, we explore this data gap, leveraging global research, policy, and news databases.

Systemic analysis of lipid metabolism from individuals to multi-organism systems.

Lipid metabolism is recognised as being central to growth, disease and health. Lipids, therefore, have an important place in current research on globally significant topics such as food security and biodiversity loss. However, answering questions in these important fields of research requires not only identification and measurement of lipids in a wider variety of sample types than ever before, but also hypothesis-driven analysis of the resulting 'big data'.

Wild fish consumption can balance nutrient retention in farmed fish.

Wild fish used as aquafeeds could be redirected towards human consumption to support sustainable marine resource use. Here we use mass-balance fish-in/fish-out ratio approaches to assess nutrient retention in salmon farming and identify scenarios that provide more nutrient-rich food to people. Using data on Norway's salmon farms, our study revealed that six of nine dietary nutrients had higher yields in wild fish used for feeds, such as anchovies and mackerel, than in farmed salmon production.

Multiple antigen presenting system (MAPS): state of the art and potential applications.

Introduction: Technological innovations have been instrumental in advancing vaccine design and protective benefit. Improvements in the safety, tolerability, and efficacy/effectiveness profiles have profoundly reduced vaccine-preventable global disease morbidity and mortality. Here we present an original vaccine platform, the Multiple Antigen Presenting System (MAPS), that relies on high-affinity interactions between a biotinylated polysaccharide (PS) and rhizavidin-fused pathogen-specific proteins.

Small-scale octopus fishery operations enable environmentally and socioeconomically sustainable sourcing of nutrients under climate change.

Small-scale octopus fisheries represent an underexplored source of nutrients and socioeconomic benefits for populations in the tropics. Here we analyse data from global seafood databases and published literature, finding that tropical small-scale octopus fisheries produced 88,000 t of catch and processed octopus in 2017, with a landed value of US$ 2.3 billion, contributing towards copper, iron and selenium intakes, with over twice the vitamin B12 content of finfish.

Safety and efficacy of recombinant and live herpes zoster vaccines for prevention in at-risk adults with chronic diseases and immunocompromising conditions.

Compared with the general population, older adults with immune senescence and individuals who are immunocompromised (IC) due to disease or immunosuppressive therapy are at increased risk for herpes zoster (HZ) and its associated complications, which can be debilitating and life-threatening. Vaccination can be an effective strategy against HZ and studies have shown that HZ vaccination in IC individuals can elicit immune responses and provide protection from infection. Recently, the first approvals have been granted in the United States and the European Union for the recombinant HZ vaccine (RZV) in adults ≥ 18 years of age at risk of HZ due to immunodeficiency or immunosuppression.

Opportunities and challenges for upscaled global bivalve seafood production.

Slow growth in the bivalve mariculture sector results from production inefficiencies, food safety concerns, limited availability of convenience products and low consumer demand. Here we assess whether bivalves could meet mass-market seafood demand across the bivalve value chain. We explore how bivalve production could become more efficient, strategies for increasing edible meat yield and how food safety could be improved through food processing technologies and new depuration innovations.

Immune responses to the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine in immunocompromised adults: a comprehensive overview.

Immunocompromised (IC) persons are at increased risk for herpes zoster (HZ) and its complications, mainly due to impairment of cell-mediated immunity (CMI). The adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) demonstrated efficacy against HZ in autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (auto-HSCT) recipients and hematologic malignancy (HM) patients. We review immune responses to RZV in 5 adult IC populations, 4 of which were receiving multiple, concomitant immunosuppressive medications: auto-HSCT and renal transplant recipients, HM and solid tumor patients, and human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults.

Vitamin Bullets. Microencapsulated Feeds to Fortify Shellfish and Tackle Human Nutrient Deficiencies.

Over two billion people worldwide are micronutrient deficient, with regionally specific deficiencies. Fortification of food with micronutrients has become an industry standard for enhancing public health. Bivalve shellfish (e.

Microencapsulated algal feeds as a sustainable replacement diet for broodstock in commercial bivalve aquaculture.

The global bivalve shellfish industry makes up 25% of aquaculture, is worth USD $17.2 billion year, and relies upon a supply of juvenile bivalves produced by adult broodstock in hatcheries. Today large quantities of live algae are grown to feed broodstock at $220 kg, driving highly unsustainable energy and resource use.

Efficacy of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) by sex, geographic region, and geographic ancestry/ethnicity: A post-hoc analysis of the ZOE-50 and ZOE-70 randomized trials.

Background: Herpes zoster (HZ) risk appears to vary by sex and geographic ancestry/ethnicity.

Methods: In 2 randomized clinical trials, participants received 2 doses of adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) or placebo intramuscularly, 2 months apart. In this post-hoc analysis, we investigate efficacy of RZV against HZ and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) by sex, geographic region, and geographic ancestry/ethnicity in ≥50-year-olds (ZOE-50: NCT01165177) and ≥70-year-olds (pooled data from ZOE-50 and ZOE-70: NCT01165229).

Microencapsulated diets to improve growth and survivorship in juvenile European flat oysters ().

Sustainable expansion of aquaculture is critical to global food security, and bivalve shellfish aquaculture represents a sustainable method to provide people with affordable nutritious food. Oysters represent 54% of the global bivalve market by value, with propagation of juveniles within hatcheries critical to allow the industry to grow. Growth and survival of juvenile oysters in hatchery systems is constrained by suboptimal feed.

Feasting on terrestrial organic matter: Dining in a dark lake changes microbial decomposition.

Boreal lakes are major components of the global carbon cycle, partly because of sediment-bound heterotrophic microorganisms that decompose within-lake and terrestrially derived organic matter (t-OM). The ability for sediment bacteria to break down and alter t-OM may depend on environmental characteristics and community composition. However, the connection between these two potential drivers of decomposition is poorly understood.

Microencapsulated diets to improve bivalve shellfish aquaculture.

Aquaculture is the fastest growing food sector and feeds over 3 billion people. Bivalve shellfish aquaculture makes up 25% of global aquaculture production and is worth annually US$19 billion, but continued growth is currently limited by suboptimal diets and limited tools for disease control. New advances in microencapsulation technology could provide an effective way to overcome these biological limitations.

A novel strain of cynomolgus macaque cytomegalovirus: implications for host-virus co-evolution.

Background: Cytomegaloviruses belong to a large, ancient, genus of DNA viruses comprised of a wide array of species-specific strains that occur in diverse array of hosts.

Methods: In this study we sequenced the ~217 Kb genome of a cytomegalovirus isolated from a Mauritius cynomolgus macaque, CyCMV Mauritius, and compared it to previously sequenced cytomegaloviruses from a cynomolgus macaque of Filipino origin (CyCMV Ottawa) and two from Indian rhesus macaques (RhCMV 180.92 and RhCMV 68-1).

Examining the species-specificity of rhesus macaque cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) in cynomolgus macaques.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a highly species-specific virus that has co-evolved with its host over millions of years and thus restricting cross-species infection. To examine the extent to which host restriction may prevent cross-species research between closely related non-human primates, we evaluated experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques with a recombinant rhesus macaque-derived CMV (RhCMV-eGFP). Twelve cynomolgus macaques were randomly allocated to three groups: one experimental group (RhCMV-eGFP) and two control groups (UV-inactivated RhCMV-eGFP or media alone).

Establishment of an immortal cynomolgus macaque fibroblast cell line for propagation of cynomolgus macaque cytomegalovirus (CyCMV).

Cynomolgus macaques are widely used as an animal model in biomedical research. We have established an immortalized cynomolgus macaque fibroblast cell line (MSF-T) by transducing primary dermal fibroblasts isolated from a 13-year-old male cynomolgus macaque with a retrovirus vector expressing human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). The MSF-T cells showed increased telomerase enzyme activity and reached over 200 in vitro passages compared to the non-transduced dermal fibroblasts, which reached senescence after 43 passages.

Evaluation of cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) endogenous retrovirus expression following simian immunodeficiency virus infection.

Human endogenous retrovirus type K (HERV-K) transcripts are upregulated in the plasma of HIV-infected individuals and have been considered as targets for an HIV vaccine. We evaluated cynomolgus macaque endogenous retrovirus (CyERV) mRNA expression by RT-qPCR in PBMCs isolated from a cohort of animals previously utilized in a live attenuated SIV vaccine trial. CyERV env transcript levels decreased following vaccination (control and vaccine groups) and CyERV env and gag mRNA expression was decreased following acute SIV-infection, whereas during chronic SIV infection, CyERV transcript levels were indistinguishable from baseline.

In-fusion® cloning with vaccinia virus DNA polymerase.

Vaccinia virus DNA polymerase (VVpol) encodes a 3'-to-5' proofreading exonuclease that can degrade the ends of duplex DNA and expose single-stranded DNA tails. The reaction plays a critical role in promoting virus recombination in vivo because single-strand annealing reactions can then fuse molecules sharing complementary tails into recombinant precursors called joint molecules. We have shown that this reaction can also occur in vitro, providing a simple method for the directional cloning of PCR products into any vector of interest.

Experimental infection of Cynomolgus Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) with human varicella-zoster virus.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a member of the alphaherpesvirus family and the causative agent of chickenpox and shingles. To determine the utility of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) as a nonhuman primate model to evaluate VZV-based simian immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus (SIV/HIV) vaccines, we experimentally inoculated 10 animals with the parental Oka (Oka-P) strain of VZV derived from MeWo or Telo-RF cells. VZV DNA could be detected in the lungs as late as 4 days postinfection, with replicating virus detected by shell vial culture assay in one case.

Genomic sequencing and characterization of cynomolgus macaque cytomegalovirus.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common opportunistic infection in immunosuppressed individuals, such as transplant recipients or people living with HIV/AIDS, and congenital CMV is the leading viral cause of developmental disabilities in infants. Due to the highly species-specific nature of CMV, animal models that closely recapitulate human CMV (HCMV) are of growing importance for vaccine development. Here we present the genomic sequence of a novel nonhuman primate CMV from cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis; CyCMV).

Isolation and characterization of cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) cytomegalovirus (CyCMV).

Cynomolgus macaques have been widely used as an animal model in preclinical biomedical research and are becoming more popular among HIV/SIV vaccine researchers. Here we report the isolation and characterization of a cytomegalovirus from cynomolgus macaques (CyCMV). CyCMV was isolated from a healthy captive-bred 4-year-old cynomolgus macaque of Filipino origin.

Multi-low-dose mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239 challenge of cynomolgus macaques immunized with "hyperattenuated" SIV constructs.

Hyperattenuated simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239-derived constructs Delta5-CMV and Delta6-CCI are an effort to render SIV incapable of, in practical terms, both reversion and recombination while maintaining the immune features of SIV as a retrovirus. Primary inoculation of cynomolgus macaques with 10(8) 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID(50)) of Delta5-CMV or Delta6-CCI induced low-level humoral and cellular responses detectable in the absence of measureable in vivo replication. The first of three DNA boosts resulted in elevated gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) responses to Gag, Pol, and Env in the Delta5-CMV vaccine group compared to the Delta6-CCI vaccine group (P = 0.

The M4 gene of gammaHV68 encodes a secreted glycoprotein and is required for the efficient establishment of splenic latency.

Sequence analysis of the murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 (gammaHV68) genome previously identified several open reading frames (ORFs) located at the left end of the viral genome that do not share homology with other known herpesvirus or cellular genes. Here, we show that one of these ORFs, M4, encodes a secreted glycoprotein that influences the establishment of splenic latency at early times post-infection. We generated a mutant virus containing a premature translation termination codon in the M4 ORF (M4.

Establishment and maintenance of long-term murine gammaherpesvirus 68 latency in B cells in the absence of CD40.

Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammaHV68), like Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), establishes a chronic infection in its host by gaining access to the memory B-cell reservoir, where it persists undetected by the host's immune system. EBV encodes a membrane protein, LMP1, that appears to function as a constitutively active CD40 receptor, and is hypothesized to play a central role in EBV-driven differentiation of infected naive B cells to a memory B-cell phenotype. However, it has recently been shown that there is a critical role for CD40-CD40L interaction in B-cell immortalization by EBV (K.