Anatomical variants complicating the posterior approaches towards the elbow joint.

Introduction: Anatomical variants observed during the posterior approach to the elbow joint require special attention due to their clinical relevance. We aim to present a compendious review of described variants potentially encountered during the posterior approach towards the elbow joint to the experts in the elbow surgery.

Methods: A narrative review of surgical and anatomical textbooks, as well as search of scientific databases was carried out.

S100A11 (calgizzarin) is released via NETosis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and stimulates IL-6 and TNF secretion by neutrophils.

S100A11 (calgizzarin), a member of S100 family, is associated with several autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of RA and in the externalization of some S100 family members. Therefore, we aimed to determine the association between S100A11 and NETs in RA.

Interleukin-20 is triggered by TLR ligands and associates with disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Background: Interleukin (IL)-20 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that may be implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to determine the association between IL-20 and disease activity in patients with RA.

Methods: The levels of serum and synovial fluid IL-20 were measured in patients with RA and OA.

Calgizzarin (S100A11): a novel inflammatory mediator associated with disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis.

Background: Calgizzarin (S100A11) is a member of the S100 protein family that acts in different tumors by regulating a number of biologic functions. Recent data suggest its association with low-grade inflammation in osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of our study is to compare S100A11 expression in the synovial tissues, synovial fluid and serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) and to characterize the potential association between S100A11 and disease activity.

Progranulin Is Associated with Disease Activity in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Objective: Progranulin (PGRN) is implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between PGRN and disease activity in RA.

Methods: PGRN levels were evaluated in patients with RA (n = 47) and OA (n = 42) and healthy controls (n = 41).

Pro-inflammatory effects of interleukin-35 in rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective: Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is a heterodimeric member of the IL-12 family consisting of p35/IL-12a and EBI3/IL-27b subunits. Expressed in murine Treg cells, IL-35 controls inflammatory diseases in mouse models. However, human IL-35 is expressed in Teff cells rather than in Treg cells and is shown to be upregulated under inflammatory conditions.

The level of fatty acid-binding protein 4, a novel adipokine, is increased in rheumatoid arthritis and correlates with serum cholesterol levels.

Objective: To assess the expression of the novel adipokine Fatty Acid Binding Protein-4 (FABP4) in synovial tissues, serum and the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) and to study the relationships among FABP4, disease activity and metabolic status.

Methods: FABP4 levels were measured in the serum and synovial fluid of 40 patients with RA and 40 control patients with OA. The disease activity score (DAS28), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and serum lipids were assessed in patients with RA.

Expression of heat shock protein receptors on fibroblast-like synovial cells derived from rheumatoid arthritis-affected joints.

We examined the membrane expression of inducible Hsp70 and HSP receptors like TLR2, TLR4, CD14, CD36, CD40 and CD91 on fibroblast-like synovial cells (SC) derived from synovial tissue in 23 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), who underwent synovectomy by using flow cytometric analysis. For comparison, autologous skin fibroblasts (SF) derived from the operation wound were tested. Significantly higher Hsp70 expression was found on synovial cells than on skin fibroblasts (median SC 21.

Topographic variations of the relationship of the sciatic nerve and the piriformis muscle and its relevance to palsy after total hip arthroplasty.

The aim of this paper was to study the anatomical relationship between the piriformis muscle and the sciatic nerve with regard to the possibility of neurological deficit after THA. The incidence of anatomical variation of both structures is 15-30% in the literature. The authors studied 91 cadavers and found an atypical relationship in 19 cases (20.