The differential effects of intrinsic and identified motivation on well-being and performance: prospective, experimental, and implicit approaches to self-determination theory.

Self-determination theory research has demonstrated that intrinsic and identified self-regulations are associated with successful adaptation. However, few distinctions are typically made between these regulations and their outcomes. In the present studies, the associations between intrinsic and identified motivations and outcomes of psychological well-being and academic performance are compared in educational settings.

Beck's cognitive theory of depression: a test of the diathesis-stress and causal mediation components.

Objectives: This prospective study tested the diathesis-stress and causal mediation components of Beck's (1967, 1983) cognitive theory of depression.

Design: In order to allow for a stringent test of the aetiological component of Beck's theory, we used a short-term longitudinal design in which participants' dysfunctional attitudes were assessed prior to the occurrence of a negative event.

Methods: In all, 136 high school seniors applying to the University of Pennsylvania completed measures of depressed mood and dysfunctional attitudes 1-8 weeks before receiving their admissions decision (Time 1).