Phase-Contrast MRI: Physics, Techniques, and Clinical Applications.

With phase-contrast imaging, the MRI signal is used to visualize and quantify velocity. This imaging modality relies on phase data, which are intrinsic to all MRI signals. With use of bipolar gradients, degrees of phase shift are encoded and in turn correlated directly with the velocity of protons.

Multimodality Imaging of Dementia: Clinical Importance and Role of Integrated Anatomic and Molecular Imaging.

Neurodegenerative diseases are a devastating group of disorders that can be difficult to accurately diagnose. Although these disorders are difficult to manage owing to relatively limited treatment options, an early and correct diagnosis can help with managing symptoms and coping with the later stages of these disease processes. Both anatomic structural imaging and physiologic molecular imaging have evolved to a state in which these neurodegenerative processes can be identified relatively early with high accuracy.

Recurrent metastatic breast cancer manifesting as pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and infarcts: A clinicopathological correlation.

Pulmonary Tumor Thrombotic Microangiopathy (PTTM) is a fatal complication of malignancy characterized by embolization of tumor cells to the pulmonary vasculature leading to a vascular reaction resulting in stenosis and pulmonary hypertension. Because the clinical manifestations of PTTM overlap with those of other entities, premortem diagnosis is challenging. We describe an unusual case of PTTM as the only clinical manifestation of recurrent metastatic breast cancer.

Toll-like receptor 3 ligands induce CD80 expression in human podocytes via an NF-κB-dependent pathway.

Background: Recent studies suggest that CD80 (also known as B7.1) is expressed on podocytes in minimal-change disease (MCD) and may have a role in mediating proteinuria. CD80 expression is known to be induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands in dendritic cells.