The effects of GIP, GLP-1 and GLP-2 on markers of bone turnover: a review of the gut-bone axis.

Bone is a dynamic tissue continuously undergoing remodelling processes of resorption and formation to maintain bone mass and health. Food intake and the release of the gut-derived incretin hormones including glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) as well as its 'sister hormone' glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2), appear to regulate bone turnover processes in the postprandial state as part of the so-called gut-bone axis. The effects of these gut hormones on bone metabolism depend on their circulating concentrations.

Protocol for a 30-day randomised, parallel-group, non-inferiority, controlled trial investigating the effects of discontinuing renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in patients with and without COVID-19: the RASCOVID-19 trial.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the virus SARS-CoV has spread rapidly and caused damage worldwide. Data suggest a major overrepresentation of hypertension and diabetes among patients experiencing severe courses of COVID-19 including COVID-19-related deaths. Many of these patients receive renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibiting therapy, and evidence suggests that treatment with angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) could attenuate SARS-CoV-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome, and ACE inhibitors and ARBs have been suggested to alleviate COVID-19 pulmonary manifestations.