How Did Colleges Disburse Emergency Aid During COVID-19? An Implementation Analysis of the Higher Education Emergency Relief Fund.

To address the unprecedented challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, Congress authorized the Higher Education Emergency Relief Fund (HEERF I) in March 2020 with over $6 billion allocated for emergency financial aid. In this paper, we utilize the administrative burden framework to analyze HEERF I implementation for a stratified random sample of colleges, focusing on the implications for equity. We find that disbursement policies varied along two dimensions: (1) whether they imposed burdens on students by requiring applications and proof of hardship and (2) whether they targeted needy students and varied the amount of aid according to need.

Infrequent Identity Signals, Multiple Correspondence, and Detection Risks in Audit Correspondence Studies.

Audit correspondence studies are field experiments that test for discriminatory behavior in active markets. Researchers measure discrimination by comparing how responsive individuals ("audited units") are to correspondences from different types of people. This paper elaborates on the tradeoffs researchers face between sending audited units only one correspondence and sending them multiple correspondences, especially when including less common identity signals in the correspondences.

Efficacy of a brief intervention to improve emergency physicians' smoking cessation counseling skills, knowledge, and attitudes.

The objective of this study was to test whether a brief educational/administrative intervention could increase tobacco counseling by emergency physicians (EPs). Pre-/post-study at eight emergency departments (EDs) with residency programs were carried out. EPs received a 1-hour lecture on the health effects of smoking and strategies to counsel patients.

Nicotine dependence, motivation to quit, and diagnosis among adult emergency department patients who smoke: a national survey.

Patients in hospital emergency departments smoke more than the general population. Smoking profiles of these patients have largely been characterized in small, single-institution cohorts. Our objective was to survey adult smokers visiting a sample of U.

The effect of etomidate on airway management practices of an air medical transport service.

Objective: The authors studied the effect of introducing etomidate on the airway management practices of their air transport crew and specifically considered the need for paralytic agents during rapid-sequence intubation.

Methods: A prospective observational review of the transport records for all patients aged greater than 10 years who required intubation transported by the air medical crew before (PRE) and after (POST) the introduction of etomidate into the authors' rapid-sequence induction protocol was conducted. Data were collected, including the method of intubation, indications for intubation, and complications from the procedure.