Automated driving experiences, attention, and intentions following extensive on-road usage of a level 2 automation vehicle.

Introduction: An on-road study was conducted to examine the effects of level 2 automation on the stressfulness and enjoyment of driving and driving attention following prolonged usage. The study also examined the changes in the automated driving experience and attention over time as well as important predictors such as pre-driving trust in technology and attitudes toward automated systems.

Method: Motorists who had never used automated systems drove a level 2 automation vehicle for a 6-8 week period.

Driver behavior while using Level 2 vehicle automation: a hybrid naturalistic study.

Vehicle automation is becoming more prevalent. Understanding how drivers use this technology and its safety implications is crucial. In a 6-8 week naturalistic study, we leveraged a hybrid naturalistic driving research design to evaluate driver behavior with Level 2 vehicle automation, incorporating unique naturalistic and experimental control conditions.

Perceived changes in trait attributions to others and the self.

A study was conducted to examine the perceived changes in the impressions of others or self on 133 trait dimensions. Attributions to others were reportedly more negative over time whereas attributions to self were more positive over time. Perceived changes in others' traits appear to be guided by basic behavioral inference processes.

The Impact of Complexity on Methods and Findings in Psychological Science.

The study of human behavior is severely hampered by logistical problems, ethical and legal constraints, and funding shortfalls. However, the biggest difficulty of conducting social and behavioral research is the extraordinary complexity of the study phenomena. In this article, we review the impact of complexity on research design, hypothesis testing, measurement, data analyses, reproducibility, and the communication of findings in psychological science.

Redefining Science: The Impact of Complexity on Theory Development in Social and Behavioral Research.

Disciplinary differences in the development of scientific generalizations and explanations are reviewed in this article. The social and behavioral sciences have identified fewer laws, established fewer "paradigms," and developed "worse" theories than the physical sciences. We argue that the variability in the theoretical attainments of disciplines is due primarily to differences in the complexity of the topics studied.

Attitude similarity and familiarity and their links to mental health: An examination of potential interpersonal mediators.

Similarity and familiarity with partner's attitudes are linked to positive relationship outcomes, while interpersonal variables have been linked to mental health. Using multilevel models (MLMs), we modeled the associations between these attitudinal variables and mental health outcomes in 74 married couples. We found that higher levels of attitude similarity in couples were linked to lower depression, while higher levels of attitude familiarity in couples were associated with greater satisfaction with life.

Why drivers use cell phones and support legislation to restrict this practice.

The use of cell phones while driving is ubiquitous, particularly in countries where the practice is legal. However, surveys indicate that most drivers favor legislation to limit the use of mobile devices during the operation of a vehicle. A study was conducted to understand this inconsistency between what drivers do and what they advocate for others.

Why a Confirmation Strategy Dominates Psychological Science.

Our research explored the incidence and appropriateness of the much-maligned confirmatory approach to testing scientific hypotheses. Psychological scientists completed a survey about their research goals and strategies. The most frequently reported goal is to test the non-absolute hypothesis that a particular relation exists in some conditions.

Cell-phone use diminishes self-awareness of impaired driving.

Multitasking diminishes the self-awareness of performance that is often essential for self-regulation and self-knowledge. Participants drove in a simulator while either talking or not talking on a hands-free cell phone. Following previous research, participants who talked on a cell phone made more serious driving errors than control participants who did not use a phone while driving.

Who multi-tasks and why? Multi-tasking ability, perceived multi-tasking ability, impulsivity, and sensation seeking.

The present study examined the relationship between personality and individual differences in multi-tasking ability. Participants enrolled at the University of Utah completed measures of multi-tasking activity, perceived multi-tasking ability, impulsivity, and sensation seeking. In addition, they performed the Operation Span in order to assess their executive control and actual multi-tasking ability.

Knowing your partner is not enough: spousal importance moderates the link between attitude familiarity and ambulatory blood pressure.

Close relationships have been linked to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. More research is needed, however, on the social and biological processes responsible for such links. In this study, we examined the role of relationship-based attitudinal processes (i.

Subliminal activation of social ties moderates cardiovascular reactivity during acute stress.

Objective: The quality of one's personal relationships has been reliably linked to important physical health outcomes, perhaps through the mechanism of physiological stress responses. Most studies of this mechanism have focused on whether more conscious interpersonal transactions influence cardiovascular reactivity. However, whether such relationships can be automatically activated in memory to influence physiological processes has not been determined.

On the importance of knowing your partner's views: attitude familiarity is associated with better interpersonal functioning and lower ambulatory blood pressure in daily life.

Background: Relationships have been linked to significant physical health outcomes. However, little is known about the more specific processes that might be responsible for such links.

Purpose: The main aim of this study was to examine a previously unexplored and potentially important form of partner knowledge (i.

Social ties and cardiovascular function: an examination of relationship positivity and negativity during stress.

The quality and quantity of one's relationships have been reliably linked to morbidity and mortality. More recently, studies have focused on links between relationships and cardiovascular reactivity as a physiological mechanism via the stress-buffering hypothesis. However, not all social relationships are consistently positive which points to the importance of a more comprehensive examination of relationship that includes negative qualities.

Information search in the testing of quantified hypotheses: how "all," "most," "some," "few," and "none" hypotheses are tested.

A series of experiments examined how the search for information in the testing of hypotheses is affected by quantifiers that specify the frequency of the test relation. The experiments showed that a positive search is used more in the testing of propositions in which some instances are predicted to have the test relation than in the testing of propositions in which most or few instances are predicted to have the test relation. In addition, the studies demonstrated that a negative or disconfirmatory search is more likely to characterize tests of absolute hypotheses than tests of hypotheses of the majority or minority form.

Optimism, pessimism, and gambling: the downside of optimism.

Three studies examined the relation between dispositional optimism and gambling. In Study 1, optimists were more likely than pessimists to have positive gambling expectations and report maintaining these expectations following losses. They also were more likely to indicate that winning money was a primary motivation for their gambling.