Self-Reported Spite Predicts Spiteful Behavior in an Online Crowd-Sourced Sample.

Spiteful behavior, where one is willing to harm oneself to harm another, is a common social behavior that is associated with social competition. However, there is currently only one well-used psychological measure that claims to measure spitefulness, the Spitefulness Scale (Marcus et al., 2014).

Resolution of structural variation in diverse mouse genomes reveals chromatin remodeling due to transposable elements.

Diverse inbred mouse strains are important biomedical research models, yet genome characterization of many strains is fundamentally lacking in comparison with humans. In particular, catalogs of structural variants (SVs) (variants ≥ 50 bp) are incomplete, limiting the discovery of causative alleles for phenotypic variation. Here, we resolve genome-wide SVs in 20 genetically distinct inbred mice with long-read sequencing.

Structurally divergent and recurrently mutated regions of primate genomes.

To better understand the pattern of primate genome structural variation, we sequenced and assembled using multiple long-read sequencing technologies the genomes of eight nonhuman primate species, including New World monkeys (owl monkey and marmoset), Old World monkey (macaque), Asian apes (orangutan and gibbon), and African ape lineages (gorilla, bonobo, and chimpanzee). Compared to the human genome, we identified 1,338,997 lineage-specific fixed structural variants (SVs) disrupting 1,561 protein-coding genes and 136,932 regulatory elements, including the most complete set of human-specific fixed differences. Across 50 million years of primate evolution, we estimate that 819.

Recurrent inversion polymorphisms in humans associate with genetic instability and genomic disorders.

Unlike copy number variants (CNVs), inversions remain an underexplored genetic variation class. By integrating multiple genomic technologies, we discover 729 inversions in 41 human genomes. Approximately 85% of inversions <2 kbp form by twin-priming during L1 retrotransposition; 80% of the larger inversions are balanced and affect twice as many nucleotides as CNVs.

Extrinsic and Existential Mortality Risk in Reproductive Decision-Making: Examining the Effects of COVID-19 Experience and Climate Change Beliefs.

While the COVID-19 pandemic has presented an immediate risk to human life around the world, climate change poses an arguably greater-although less immediate-threat to our species' survival. Within the framework of life-history theory (LHT), this pre-registered study investigated whether extrinsic risk (i.e.

Recurrence and Coniglobus Volumetric Resolution of Subacute and Chronic Subdural Hematoma Post-Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization.

Objective: To study the efficacy of middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization for the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma (SDH) and characterize its post-embolization volumetric resolution.

Methods: Ten patients diagnosed with 13 cSDH underwent MMA embolization. SDH volumes were measured from time of initial discovery on imaging to pre-operative, post-operative, short-term and long-term follow-up.

High cooperation and welfare despite-and because of-the threat of antisocial punishments and feuds.

Cooperation can be difficult to sustain when there is a temptation to free-ride on the efforts of others. In experiments, peer punishment often stabilizes cooperation but fails to improve earnings because of the costs associated with punishment. In addition, antisocial use of punishment-punishing cooperators, counterpunishing, and feuding-often leads to lower cooperation and earnings.

Derivation of a chronic reference dose for perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) for reproductive toxicity in mice.

Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) is a six-carbon perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid that was used as an industrial surfactant, but is now found as an environmental contaminant worldwide. In addition to its use as an industrial surfactant, it is a legacy contaminant from the use of aqueous film-forming foams. Despite its widespread occurrence in the environment and evidence of biological activity associated with PFHxS and similar perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids in rodents, there is no oral toxicity value currently available from the IRIS Database.

Baseline characteristics of participants in the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL).

Evidence for a role of supplemental vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acids in preventing cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains inconclusive and insufficient to inform nutritional recommendations for primary prevention. The VITamin D and Omega-A 3 TriaL (VITAL) is an ongoing nationwide, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial designed to fill this knowledge gap. The study population consists of 25,874 U.

Both loved and feared: third party punishers are viewed as formidable and likeable, but these reputational benefits may only be open to dominant individuals.

Third party punishment can be evolutionarily stable if there is heterogeneity in the cost of punishment or if punishers receive a reputational benefit from their actions. A dominant position might allow some individuals to punish at a lower cost than others and by doing so access these reputational benefits. Three vignette-based studies measured participants' judgements of a third party punisher in comparison to those exhibiting other aggressive/dominant behaviours (Study 1), when there was variation in the success of punishment (Study 2), and variation in the status of the punisher and the type of punishment used (Study 3).

Stereotactic radiosurgery with neoadjuvant embolization of larger arteriovenous malformations: an institutional experience.

Objective: This study investigates the safety and efficacy of a multimodality approach combining staged endovascular embolizations with subsequent SRS for the management of larger AVMs.

Methods: Ninety-five patients with larger AVMs were treated with staged endovascular embolization followed by SRS between 1996 and 2011.

Results: The median volume of AVM in this series was 28 cm(3) and 47 patients (48%) were Spetzler-Martin grade IV or V.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage with negative initial catheter angiography: a review of 254 cases evaluating patient clinical outcome and efficacy of short- and long-term repeat angiography.

Background: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is found to have no vascular origin by initial catheter angiography in approximately 15% of cases. The most appropriate course for the type and frequency of additional diagnostic workup remains controversial.

Objective: To retrospectively assess the diagnostic yield of short-term and long-term repeat catheter angiography in the era of advanced imaging.

Effect of tobacco smoking on survival of men and women by social position: a 28 year cohort study.

Objective: To assess the impact of tobacco smoking on the survival of men and women in different social positions.

Design: A cohort observational study.

Setting: Renfrew and Paisley, two towns in west central Scotland.

Changing places? A comparative analysis of area-based health trends in Scotland through the 1980s and 1990s.

Objectives: Have places in Scotland with the worst/best levels of health and the worst/best experience of health determinants changed since the early 1980s? Twenty-year trends and local-level changes in a selection of health-related indicators were examined to answer this question.

Study Design And Methods: Routine data for seven health-related indicators, principally derived from Scottish government 'social justice milestones', were collated and analysed at postcode-sector level across four 5-year periods covering the 1980s and 1990s. Analysis was carried out by decile, deprivation quintile, individual postcode sector and for selected 'regeneration areas'.

Why children tell: a model of children's disclosure of sexual abuse.

Objective: The present study investigated variables associated with delay of disclosure of child sexual abuse and tested a model of time to disclosure.

Method: Data were obtained for 218 alleged child sexual abuse victims whose cases had been referred to District Attorneys' Offices. Five variables were posited to influence the delay between an abusive event and children's disclosure of that event to a reporting adult: child's age, gender, type of abuse experienced (intrafamilial or extrafamilial), perceived responsibility for the abuse, and fear of negative consequences of disclosure.

Differential role of KIR channel and Na(+)/K(+)-pump in the regulation of extracellular K(+) in rat hippocampus.

Little information is available on the specific roles of different cellular mechanisms involved in extracellular K(+) homeostasis during neuronal activity in situ. These studies have been hampered by the lack of an adequate experimental paradigm able to separate K(+)-buffering activity from the superimposed extrusion of K(+) from variably active neurons. We have devised a new protocol that allows for such an analysis.

The willingness to continue caring in family supporters of older people.

Research has revealed the importance of characteristics of the supporter, the care-recipient, and circumstances of caregiving in the success or failure of community-based care of older people. The Dundee Study of Carers and Dementia examined factors associated with the maintenance and care of older people in the community, and with the impact of dementia on family supporters. Two hundred and twenty-eight family supporters of community-resident older people (>/=65) (50% with dementia, 50% without, matched for age and sex) were interviewed.