Probable New Daily Persistent Headache After COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents.

Introduction: Headache has been cited as both a primary symptom and a sequela of infection with the novel coronavirus. Cases of long coronavirus disease (COVID) headache have already been documented in adults, but literature on similar cases in children and adolescents is scant.

Case Report: We present three cases of persistent headache after infection with COVID-19 in pediatric patients presenting to a tertiary headache center.

Assessment of Pediatric Pseudotumor Cerebri Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes.

Pseudotumor cerebri also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a relatively uncommon disorder of unknown pathophysiology. Although pseudotumor cerebri occurs in both children and adults, the pseudotumor cerebri literature is heavily dominated by adult studies. The aim of this study is to retrospectively describe the clinical presentation, imaging, treatment, and outcomes of a large pediatric pseudotumor cerebri population over a 23-year period.

The Clinical Spectrum of Mosaic Neurofibromatosis in Children and Adolescents.

Background: Segmental neurofibromatosis was initially described by Miller and Sparks (1977) as manifestations of neurofibromatosis limited to a dermatomal, localized distribution. Now termed mosaic neurofibromatosis, previous literature described this disease in children and adolescents with individual case reports and small-numbered case series. This study presents a large series of children and adolescents with mosaic neurofibromatosis.

A Single Institution's Experience of Primary Headache in Children With Celiac Disease.

Background: Few studies exist examining the frequency of primary headache in children with celiac disease and the impact of a gluten-free diet on primary headache symptomology. This study explores characteristics and frequency of headaches in children with celiac disease and response to gluten-free diet at a single institution.

Methods: Medical records were reviewed for children with celiac disease confirmed by the presence of elevated tissue transglutaminase IgA levels and histologic changes consistent with the diagnosis of celiac disease on small bowel biopsy.

Migraine Variants in Children.

Migraine in children can manifest in ways that are markedly different from adult migraines. In children, migraine variants are often unaccompanied by headache and include conditions such as cyclic vomiting and abdominal migraine. Children who experience these conditions are often thought to have a disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, and when evaluation is unremarkable they may be diagnosed as having a conversion reaction.

Migraine With Neurological Features in a Scuba Diver With a Patent Foramen Ovale.

Neurologic complications of decompression sickness have been observed for over half of a century. Little is known, however, about the risk of diving in patients that suffer from migraine with aura (MWA). We report the case of a pediatric patient with a history of migraine with aura, who was later found to have a PFO, who developed headache with neurological symptoms during a scuba diving lesson.

A Series of 211 Children with Probable Essential Tremor.

Background: The objective of this study was to characterize the clinical features, course, and treatment of essential tremor (ET) in children.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted over 25 years (1984-2011). Inclusion criteria were age <21 years and satisfying the core diagnostic criteria for ET.

Migraine Variants or Episodic Syndromes That May Be Associated With Migraine and Other Unusual Pediatric Headache Syndromes.

Purpose: To provide an overview of the clinical course for children and adolescents with migraine variants (M.V.), childhood periodic syndromes or the episodic syndromes that may be associated with migraine using the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd Edition Beta version [ICHD-3] International Headache Society criteria for the diagnosis of each disorder.

Massive Soft Tissue Neurofibroma (Elephantiasis Neuromatosa): Case Report and Review of Literature.

The authors review the literature on massive soft tissue neurofibroma. The methods included a review of 71 reports (PubMed search 1929-2012) with a total of 91 massive soft tissue neurofibroma patients and illustration of clinical and radiological progression of massive soft tissue neurofibroma on a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1. The mean age at initial examination was 21 years.

Sleep disorders in children with Tourette syndrome.

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the frequency, nature, and impact of sleep disorders in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome and to raise awareness about their possible inclusion as a Tourette syndrome comorbidity.

Methods: Using a prospective questionnaire, we interviewed 123 patients of age ≤21 years with a confirmed diagnosis of Tourette syndrome. Each completed questionnaire was then reviewed in accordance with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, criteria for categorization to a form of sleep disorder.

Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of cyclic vomiting syndrome: a large single-center experience with 106 patients.

Background: Cyclic vomiting syndrome is characterized by repeated, stereotypical vomiting episodes. The diagnosis is made by exclusion of other organic diseases, which can lead to extensive testing. It has been suggested that these patients can have mitochondrial dysfunction.

Diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) in children and adolescents.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is characterized by symptoms and signs of elevated intracranial pressure, elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, normal CSF content, and normal brain with normal or small ventricles on neuroimaging studies. IIH in children has a wide spectrum of clinical presentation. Diagnostic criteria with modifications to adapt to the variations in children are discussed.

Cerebral vasculopathy in children with neurofibromatosis type 1.

Cerebral vasculopathy is an important but underrecognized complication of neurofibromatosis type 1. Over a 10-year period, we retrospectively assessed the prevalence, clinical manifestations, management, and outcome of cerebral vasculopathy in children with neurofibromatosis type 1. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was performed on 78% of the patients (312/398) of which 46% (143/312) had magnetic resonance angiography of the intracranial arteries; 4.

Headache in children with Tourette syndrome.

Objective: The authors analyzed the frequency of occurrence of headaches in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome (TS) to address their possible inclusion as a comorbidity.

Study Design: Using a prospective questionnaire, administered directly, we interviewed a total sample size of 109 patients with TS ≤ 21 years of age. The questionnaires were then analyzed according to the International Headache Society's diagnostic criteria.

Hirayama disease in children from North America.

Hirayama disease has been mainly reported from Asia; only a few cases are from the Western hemisphere, particularly North America. This is a retrospective chart review of patients < 18 years, diagnosed with Hirayama disease from a single center over 10 years. We diagnosed 6 children (4 boys), 15.

Long-term evaluation of sumatriptan and naproxen sodium for the acute treatment of migraine in adolescents.

Objectives: To evaluate the long-term safety, tolerability, effectiveness, impact on quality of life, and medication satisfaction of sumatriptan/naproxen sodium in the acute treatment of migraine headache in adolescents.

Methods: This 12-month, multicenter, open-label, safety study was conducted in adolescents (aged 12-17 years) with an average of 2-8 migraines/month typically lasting >2 hours untreated for >6 months prior to initiation. Subjects were instructed to treat migraines as early as possible and were allowed to rescue 2 hours post dose with a single dose of a naproxen-containing product, over-the-counter pain reliever, or anti-emetics.

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a rare entity in children presenting with thunderclap headache.

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome is characterized by a reversible segmental and multifocal vasoconstriction of cerebral arteries, and severe headaches with or without focal neurologic deficits or seizures. A 15-year-old boy presented with thunderclap headache. He had severe hypertension, although his neurologic examination was normal.

Genetically confirmed CADASIL in a pediatric patient.

A 17-year-old girl presented with migraine with prolonged aura and aura without headache. Neurologic examination was normal. Her mother, who did not have a history of migraine, developed right-face and -arm numbness at the age of 45.

Astrocytic hamartoma of the optic disc and multiple café-au-lait macules in a child with neurofibromatosis type 2.

Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a heritable syndrome characterized by multifocal proliferation of neural crest-derived cells. The characteristic and diagnostic finding of NF2 is bilateral vestibular nerve schwannomas (acoustic neuromas). In addition to other tumors involving the central and peripheral nervous systems, ophthalmic manifestations, including posterior subcapsular and peripheral cortical cataracts, optic nerve meningiomas, epiretinal membrane, and combined pigment epithelial and retinal hamartomas, are common to NF2.

Chronic daily headache in children and adolescents.

Chronic daily headaches (CDH) in children and adolescents is reviewed. Three major forms of CDH exist: transformed migraine, chronic tension type headache, and new-onset daily persistent headache. Diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, differential diagnosis, and treatment options are discussed.

New daily persistent headache in children and adolescents.

New daily persistent headache (NDPH) is a form of chronic daily headache (CDH) that may have features of both migraine and tension-type headache. In contrast with other types of CDH, NDPH is characterized by patients recalling the specific date their unremitting daily headache began. In comparison, chronic tension-type headache and chronic migraine are preceded by a gradually increasing frequency of headache.

Xerophthalmia and intracranial hypertension in an autistic child with vitamin A deficiency.

The authors present a 10-year-old boy with autism and idiopathic intracranial hypertension referred for evaluation of dry eyes. When questioned, the patient's parents reported that he had a restricted diet. Laboratory testing revealed hypovitaminosis A.