Effects of Different Grades of Carbon Dioxide on Euthanasia of Mice ().

Carbon dioxide (CO) is a conditionally acceptable method for mouse euthanasia, according to the American Veterinary Medical Association Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals. In a 2012 Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW) webinar, representatives of OLAW, the USDA and AAALACi stated that different grades of CO, including nonpharmaceutical grades, are acceptable as long as the minimum purity is 99.0%.

Understanding gender inequality in children's reading behavior: New insights from digital behavioral data.

This study examined gender differences in reading behavior of 2652 Danish 5th-grade students (age 10-12 years, girls 51%, 14% immigrant background) observed for 218 days in 2019/2020, using data from a popular reading app. Reading behavior was operationalized as time spent reading. Analyses of timing of reading behavior and models of day-to-day reading time were employed to investigate the gender gap in reading behavior.

The effect of COVID-19-related school closures on students' well-being: Evidence from Danish nationwide panel data.

We study the effect of the temporary closure of Danish schools as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in spring 2020 on students' reported levels of well-being and test whether the effect varies among students of different socioeconomic status. To this end, we draw on panel data from the mandatory annual nationwide Danish Student Well-being Survey (DSWS) and exploit random variation in whether students answered the 2020 survey before or during the spring lockdown period. This enables us to compare reported levels of student well-being for selected measures - whether students "like school" and whether they "feel lonely" - among students in grades 6-9 to their responses from previous years.

Both sides of the story: comparing student-level data on reading performance from administrative registers to application generated data from a reading app.

The use of various learning apps in school settings is growing and thus producing an increasing amount of usage generated data. However, this usage generated data has only to a very little extend been used for monitoring and promoting learning progress. We test if application usage generated data from a reading app holds potential for measuring reading ability, reading speed progress and for pointing out features in a school setting that promotes learning.

Gas-Particle Partitioning and SOA Yields of Organonitrate Products from NO-Initiated Oxidation of Isoprene under Varied Chemical Regimes.

Alkyl nitrate (AN) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the reaction of nitrate radicals (NO) with isoprene were observed in the Simulation of Atmospheric PHotochemistry In a large Reaction (SAPHIR) chamber during the NOIsop campaign in August 2018. Based on 15 day-long experiments under various reaction conditions, we conclude that the reaction has a nominally unity molar AN yield (observed range 90 ± 40%) and an SOA mass yield of OA + organic nitrate aerosol of 13-15% (with ∼50 μg m inorganic seed aerosol and 2-5 μg m total organic aerosol). Isoprene (5-25 ppb) and oxidant (typically ∼100 ppb O and 5-25 ppb NO) concentrations and aerosol composition (inorganic and organic coating) were varied while remaining close to ambient conditions, producing similar AN and SOA yields under all regimes.

What happens when schools shut down? Investigating inequality in students' reading behavior during Covid-19 in Denmark.

The outbreak of Covid-19 in spring 2020 shut down schools around the world and placed parents in charge of their children's schooling. Research from the lockdown period documents that families differ in their responses to their new responsibility for their children's homeschooling by socioeconomic status and that the Covid-19 crisis has increased educational inequality. The aim of this paper is to examine inequality in children's reading behavior before, during and after the lockdown of schools in Denmark by analyzing new digital data from a widely used reading app combined with administrative data.

Combinatorial treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis using nanoparticles with prostaglandin E and siRNA(s).

Inhalation delivery of prostaglandin E (PGE2) in combination with selected siRNA(s) was proposed for the efficient treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) were used as a delivery system for PGE2 with and without siRNAs targeted to MMP3, CCL12, and HIF1Alpha mRNAs. The model of IPF was developed in SKH1 mice by intratracheal administration of bleomycin at a dose of 1.

Novel cystine ester mimics for the treatment of cystinuria-induced urolithiasis in a knockout mouse model.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of l-cystine dimethyl ester (CDME), an inhibitor of cystine crystal growth, for the treatment of cystine urolithiasis in an Slc3a1 knockout mouse model of cystinuria.

Materials And Methods: CDME (200 μg per mouse) or water was delivered by gavage daily for 4 weeks. Higher doses by gavage or in the water supply were administered to assess organ toxicity.

Incomplete equalization: The effect of tracking in secondary education on educational inequality.

This paper tests whether the existence of vocationally oriented tracks within a traditionally academically oriented upper education system reduces socioeconomic inequalities in educational attainment. Based on a statistical model of educational transitions and data on two entire cohorts of Danish youth, we find that (1) the vocationally oriented tracks are less socially selective than the traditional academic track; (2) attending the vocationally oriented tracks has a negative effect on the likelihood of enrolling in higher education; and (3) in the aggregate the vocationally oriented tracks improve access to lower-tier higher education for low-SES students. These findings point to an interesting paradox in that tracking has adverse effects at the micro-level but equalizes educational opportunities at the macro-level.

Inhalation treatment of pulmonary fibrosis by liposomal prostaglandin E2.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and often fatal form of interstitial lung disease. We hypothesized that the local pulmonary delivery of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by liposomes can be used for the effective treatment of IPF. To test this hypothesis, we used a murine model of bleomycin-induced IPF to evaluate liposomal delivery of PGE2 topically to the lungs.

Functional and inflammatory alterations in the lung following exposure of rats to nitrogen mustard.

Nitrogen mustard is a vesicant that causes damage to the respiratory tract. In these studies, we characterized the acute effects of nitrogen mustard on lung structure, inflammatory mediator expression, and pulmonary function, with the goal of identifying mediators potentially involved in toxicity. Treatment of rats (male Wistar, 200-225 g) with nitrogen mustard (mechlorethamine hydrochloride, i.

Threshold size for optimal passive pulmonary targeting and retention of rigid microparticles in rats.

The relationship between microparticle (MP) size and lung targeting efficiency, intra-lung distribution and retention time was systematically studied after intravenous administration of rigid fluorescent polystyrene MPs of various sizes (2, 3, 6 and 10 microm) to Sprague Dawley rats. Total fluorescence was assessed and it was found that 2 microm and 3 microm MPs readily passed through the lung to the liver and spleen while 10 microm MPs were completely entrapped in the lung for the one-week duration of the study. Approximately 84% of 6 microm MPs that were initially entrapped in the lung were cleared over the next 2 days and 15% were cleared over the remaining 5 days.

Bladder outlet obstruction in male cystinuria mice.

Background: Cystinuria is the most common inherited cause of urinary tract stones in children. It can lead to obstructive uropathy, which is a major cause of renal failure. Genetic studies have identified two genes, SLC3A1 and SLC7A9, to be directly involved in cystine stone formation.

Intratracheal versus intravenous liposomal delivery of siRNA, antisense oligonucleotides and anticancer drug.

Purpose: To compare systemic intravenous and local intratracheal delivery of doxorubicin (DOX), antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) and small interfering RNA (siRNA).

Methods: "Neutral" and cationic liposomes were used to deliver DOX, ASO, and siRNA. Liposomes were characterized by dynamic light scattering, zeta-potential, and atomic force microscopy.