Unlocking the door to mental wellness: exploring the impact of homeownership on mental health issues.

Background: Housing is an important social determinant of health. The objective of this study was to investigate the predictive role of homeownership in mental health outcomes.

Methods: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2020 data (N = 401,958) were analyzed.

Reconsidering Pharmacy: We Need to Turn Career Regret into Career Options.

Declining interest in pharmacy as a career is a growing concern. This commentary investigates the factors contributing to career regret among pharmacy graduates, based on data from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy National Graduating Student Survey. We identify 3 key contributing factors: workplace environment, professional identity formation, and marketing of the Doctor of Pharmacy degree.

Implementation of a re-designed pre-departure training program for global health advanced pharmacy practice experiences.

Background And Purpose: This article describes the re-design and preliminary impact of a pre-departure global health training program for nine advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) sites.

Educational Activity And Setting: The program was re-designed from a half-day orientation to a six-week (six-hour total) program. Students explored global health, cultural competency, adaptability, safety, and travel logistics.

The role of a pharmacy residency program in global health: Establishing pediatric clinical pharmacy services in a Malawian hospital.

Purpose: To describe the establishment of pediatric clinical pharmacy services in a Malawian hospital as part of a pharmacy residency program's engagement in global health.

Summary: While pharmacy is expanding its role in global health through the introduction of international advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) rotations at US schools of pharmacy, international experiences for pharmacy residents are currently very limited. Such programs are advantageous for pharmacists planning for a career in public or global health, and there is also great opportunity for clinical pharmacists to work with international partners for professional development and to help advance pharmacy practice.

Financial investment of United States pharmacy schools on international activities.

Introduction: The primary objective of this study was to determine the financial resources that United States (US) pharmacy schools spend and receive for international activities, as well as the future direction of expenditures and revenue.

Methods: An online survey was sent in April 2019 to the chief financial or administrative officer at each accredited pharmacy school (N = 141) to ask about average annual budget for international activities and areas of expenditure (student travel, partnership development, faculty salary, staff salary, training programs) and revenue (dean's office, university, student tuition and fees, alumni, grants and contracts, other) associated with their budget. Participants were asked whether they anticipated spending or receiving more, the same, or less on the aforementioned expenditure and revenue areas.

A Pathway to Professional Identity Formation: Report of the 2020-2021 AACP Student Affairs Standing Committee.

Professional identity formation (PIF) involves internalizing and demonstrating the behavioral norms, standards, and values of a professional community, such that one comes to "think, act and feel" like a member of that community. Professional identity influences how a professional perceives, explains, presents and conducts themselves. This report of the 2020-2021 AACP Student Affairs Standing Committee (SAC) describes the benefits of a strong professional identity, including its importance in advancing practice transformation.

Identifying Priority Student Leadership and Professionalism Attributes Among Faculty, Preceptors, and Students via Modified Delphi.

To identify and build consensus on priority leadership and professionalism attributes for pharmacy student development among faculty, preceptors, and students. One hundred individuals (27 faculty members, 30 preceptors, 43 students) were invited to participate in a three-round, modified Delphi. Published literature on leadership and professionalism informed the initial attribute list.

Critical moments in student learning on international advanced pharmacy practice experiences.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate self-perceived critical moments that were transformative to learning in students who participated in an international advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE).

Methods: Twenty-two pharmacy students from Purdue University College of Pharmacy, the University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy who went on an international APPE participated in a one-hour focus group evaluating self-perceived critical moments that impacted their learning. Focus groups were coded using a conventional content analysis approach and went through a two-cycle open coding process to identify major themes according to country income classification.

Exploring career development through a student-directed practicum to provide individualized learning experiences.

Introduction: The primary objective was to assess the impact of an optional student-directed career development program on career and professional development between the second and third year of a doctor of pharmacy curriculum.

Methods: Students who completed the student-directed practicum (SDP) completed a nine item pre-/post-survey assessing its impact on their career development within the learning constructs of discovery, application, and reflection. Additional open-ended questions assessed why students participated in the SDP and their perceived benefits of doing so.

Development of a Global Health Learning Progression (GHELP) Model.

There has been a steady increase in global health experiential opportunities offered within healthcare professional training programs and with this, a need to describe the process for learning. This article describes a model to contextualize global health learning for students who complete international advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs). Students from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Purdue University, and the University of Colorado completed a post-APPE survey which included open-ended questions about knowledge, skills, and attitudes one week after completing an international APPE.

Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) for Global Health.

Purpose: As global health education and training shift toward competency-based approaches, academic institutions and organizations must define appropriate assessment strategies for use across health professions. The authors aim to develop entrustable professional activities (EPAs) for global health to apply across academic and workplace settings.

Method: In 2019, the authors invited 55 global health experts from medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and public health to participate in a multiround, online Delphi process; 30 (55%) agreed.

Creating global health leaders in pharmacy by evolving postgraduate training.

There has been a push for increasing global health education and training opportunities within the pharmacy profession. Global health postgraduate learning opportunities are necessary to define pharmacy career paths in global health and develop global health leaders. There are many challenges to starting a global health postgraduate training program including economic burden, logistics of extramural rotations, local and international resources, and program sustainability.

Global Health Learning Outcomes by Country Location and Duration for International Experiences.

To determine the impact of country income classification and experience duration on learning outcomes for student pharmacists participating in international advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs). A mixed-methods, longitudinal study evaluated 81 fourth-year student pharmacists participating in an international APPE through one of three US universities. A pre-post survey was administered to evaluate students' self-perceived growth across 13 competencies established by the Consortium of Universities for Global Health (CUGH).

Global Leaders in Development: a global leadership module across three international pharmacy schools.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the Global Leaders in Development (GLIDE) module to determine whether the concepts of global mindset, citizenship and leadership can be effectively taught within a short-term didactic module.

Methods: Faculty members of PharmAlliance, a partnership between three schools of pharmacy, created a three-week optional, non-credit-bearing distance-based global leadership development module. Material and assignments focused on the concepts of global mindset, global citizenship and global leadership as applied to the global health issues of non-communicable diseases, universal health coverage and primary care.

Students' perceptions of global health competencies in the doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) curriculum.

Introduction: This study sought to determine pharmacy students' self-assessment of their level of competency in specified global health statements across various schools. It also evaluated attributes associated with competency and perception of importance, as well as explored students' perspectives on how best to incorporate global health content into pharmacy education.

Methods: Cross-sectional survey administered online to pharmacy students from three pharmacy schools in the United States.

Global Health Learning Outcomes in Pharmacy Students Completing International Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences.

To examine the global health learning outcomes of Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students from three US schools who participated in international advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs). A mixed-methods, prospective study was used to assess fourth-year PharmD students at three US pharmacy schools who participated in an international APPE during the 2017-2018 academic year and a matched cohort (control group) of PharmD students who did not participate in an international APPE. To evaluate students' self-perceived growth in the Consortium of Universities for Global Health (CUGH) competencies, all students completed a 13-item retrospective pre-post instrument using a five-point Likert scale.

Reflections and interdisciplinary perceptions of pharmacy learners on an international medical brigade.

Background And Purpose: The Mountain Area Health Education Center, Inc. and Shoulder to Shoulder have partnered on medical brigades in rural Honduras since 2005, with pharmacy learner participation beginning in 2007. This study assesses the value of this experience to pharmacy learners and their contribution to a brigade's success.

Institutional factors associated with global health education across US pharmacy schools.

Introduction: The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between institutional factors and offerings of global health education opportunities in pharmacy schools.

Methods: Data for this project came from a review of international advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) and global course offerings for US pharmacy schools conducted between February 1 and March 31, 2014. These data were merged with data on institutional factors which may influence a school's offering of APPEs or courses.

Connecting Rural and Global Health Education for Workforce Development.

Healthcare workforce shortages are continuing to increase worldwide with more profound deficits seen in rural communities in both developed and developing countries. These deficits impede progress towards heath equity and global health initiatives including the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Medical training has supported the idea that having a rural background influences future practice in rural settings.

Unifying a profession and a health care system: Building the case for a "one pharmacy" global community.

The rational use of medicines to achieve better patient outcomes is a global concern. This need has pressured the practice of pharmacy to move away from focusing only on dispensing of the drug product towards the patient's appropriate utilization of the medicine. PharmAlliance, a unique partnership among three leading schools of pharmacy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (United States), Monash University (Australia), and University College London (United Kingdom), convened a Global Summit of Pharmacy Practice Innovation in November 2017 to bring together the leaders of the professional associations of the three countries to dialogue about how to lead the identified changes.

Knowledge, attitudes and practice of final-year student pharmacists in public health in Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe: an exploratory survey.

Objective: To explore the knowledge, attitudes and practice of final-year student pharmacists about public health.

Methods: Knowledge, attitudes and practice of all final-year student pharmacists (N = 158) in Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe were assessed through a quantitative 12-item survey. The survey assessed personal interest and attitude towards public health activities, self-assessed ability to perform basic public health activities, perspectives towards current pharmacist practices within public health activities in their country, and student involvement in public health activities during pharmacy school.

Addressing the global need for public health clinical pharmacists through student pharmacist education: a focus on developing nations.

It is time for pharmacists to begin advancing their roles in public health and play a more integral part in public health initiatives. Within developed nations, the profession has demonstrated its value in advancing preventive care; however, the same cannot be said for pharmacists worldwide. Emphasis on training public health pharmacists should also be on developing nations, where the need for preventive care is highly unmet.

Global Experiential and Didactic Education Opportunities at US Colleges and Schools of Pharmacy.

Objective: To assess the characteristics of global experiential and didactic education offerings in the pharmacy curricula.

Methods: A 2-stage web-based review of US colleges and schools of pharmacy identified country locations of international advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPE), globally focused didactic courses, and whether these offerings were interprofessional. Schools were contacted to confirm their offerings and were asked about student participation and demand.

Impact of video technology on efficiency of pharmacist-provided anticoagulation counseling and patient comprehension.

Background: Discharge anticoagulation counseling is important for ensuring patient comprehension and optimizing clinical outcomes. As pharmacy resources become increasingly limited, the impact of informational videos on the counseling process becomes more relevant.

Objective: To evaluate differences in pharmacist time spent counseling and patient comprehension (measured by the Oral Anticoagulation Knowledge [OAK] test) between informational videos and traditional face-to-face (oral) counseling.