Advancing inclusive research calculator for oncology disease areas: A resource to support the development of enrollment targets in diversity action plans for industry sponsors.

Background: The Food and Drug Omnibus Report Act, signed into law in 2022, requires industry sponsors to include diversity action plans in clinical study protocols. Defining reliable methodology for measures and benchmarks is critical to ensuring adequate and consistent representation of historically underrepresented patient populations in clinical trials.

Methods: We provide an Advancing Inclusive Research (AIR) Calculator, summary tables, and data query bank to support target setting for the development of diversity action plans and to take steps toward defining enrollment standards.

The moderating effect of access to food facilities and recreational activity space on mHealth multiple health behavior change intervention.

Objective: To evaluate whether the neighborhood social and built environment moderates response to a mobile health multiple health behavior change intervention targeting fruit/vegetable intake, sedentary behavior, and physical activity.

Methods: Participants were 156 Chicago-residing adults with unhealthy lifestyle behaviors. Using linear mixed models, we evaluated whether access to food facilities (fast food restaurants and grocery stores) and recreational activity spaces (gyms and parks) moderated the difference in behavior change between the active intervention condition relative to control.

Novel Psilocin Prodrugs with Altered Pharmacological Properties as Candidate Therapies for Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders.

The psychedelic prodrug psilocybin has shown therapeutic benefits for the treatment of numerous psychiatric conditions. Despite positive clinical end points targeting depression and anxiety, concerns regarding the duration of the psychedelic experience produced by psilocybin, associated with enduring systemic exposure to the active metabolite psilocin, pose a barrier to its therapeutic application. Our objective was to create a novel prodrug of psilocin with similar therapeutic benefits but a reduced duration of psychedelic effects compared with psilocybin.

Population-level impact of adjuvant trastuzumab emtansine on the incidence of metastatic breast cancer: an epidemiological prediction model of women with HER2-positive early breast cancer and residual disease following neoadjuvant therapy.

Purpose: Treating early-stage breast cancer (eBC) may delay or prevent subsequent metastatic breast cancer (mBC). In the phase 3 KATHERINE study, women with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive eBC with residual disease following neoadjuvant therapy containing trastuzumab and a taxane experienced 50% reductions in disease recurrence or death when treated with adjuvant trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) vs adjuvant trastuzumab. We predicted the population-level impact of adjuvant T-DM1 on mBC occurrence in five European countries (EU5) and Canada from 2021-2030.

A cane toad (Rhinella marina) N-methyltransferase converts primary indolethylamines to tertiary psychedelic amines.

Psychedelic indolethylamines have emerged as potential medicines to treat several psychiatric pathologies. Natural sources of these compounds include 'magic mushrooms' (Psilocybe spp.), plants used to prepare ayahuasca, and toads.

Impact of Pertuzumab and Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine on Cumulative Avoidance of Recurrence Among Women Treated for Locally Advanced, Inflammatory, or Early-Stage Nonmetastatic HER2-Positive Breast Cancer in the United States.

Introduction: We assessed the impact of HER2-positive early breast cancer (EBC) treatment landscape changes following the introduction of pertuzumab and ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) on cumulative population-level recurrences avoided since 2013 (first pertuzumab approval for EBC in the United States; US).

Methods: We constructed a multi-year epidemiologic population treatment-impact model to estimate annual recurrences between 2013 and 2031. Parameters were: BC incidence; stage I-III proportion; HER2-positive disease proportion; treatment proportions for neoadjuvant-only, adjuvant-only, and neoadjuvant-adjuvant continuation; and therapeutic agent proportions within each of those settings (chemotherapy only, trastuzumab ± chemotherapy, pertuzumab with trastuzumab ± chemotherapy, or T-DM1).

Contributions of Social Factors to Disparities in Prostate Cancer Risk Profiles among Black Men and Non-Hispanic White Men with Prostate Cancer in California.

Background: Black men are more likely than Non-Hispanic White (NHW) men to be diagnosed with high-risk prostate cancer. We examined the extent to which social factors were associated with differences in prostate cancer risk profiles between Black men and NHW men [using a modification to the original D'Amico risk groups based on prostate specific antigen (PSA), Gleason score (GS), and TNM stage (stage)], based on individual and combined clinicopathologic characteristics.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional population-based study of 23,555 Black men and 146,889 NHW men diagnosed with prostate cancer in the California Cancer Registry from 2004 to 2017.

Synthetic Access to Benzimidacarbocyanine Dyes to Tailor Their Aggregation Properties.

Developing structure-aggregation relationships of cyanine dyes is crucial for controlling their optical properties for various uses. This study develops a synthetic route and the structure-dependent self-assembly of a family of benzimidacarbocyanine dyes for J- or H-aggregation properties. It was found that both the presence and placement of halogen atoms play a defining role in the resulting supramolecular interactions of these compounds.

Cause of death during prostate cancer survivorship: A contemporary, US population-based analysis.

Background: More than 3.6 million men in the United States harbor a diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa). The authors sought to provide in-depth analyses of the causes of death for contemporary survivors.

Tobacco and marijuana use and their association with serum prostate-specific antigen levels among African American men in Chicago.

African American (AA) men experience more than twice the prostate cancer mortality as White men yet are under-represented in academic research involving prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a biomarker of prostate cancer aggressiveness. We examined the impact of self-reported tobacco (cigarette pack-years and current tobacco use including e-cigarettes) and current regular marijuana use on serum PSA level based on clinical laboratory testing among 928 AA men interviewed 2013-2018 in Chicago. We defined outcome of elevated PSA ≥ 4.

ChicagO Multiethnic Prevention and Surveillance Study (COMPASS): Increased Response Rates Among African American Residents in Low Socioeconomic Status Neighborhoods.

African American (AA) populations experience persistent health disparities in the USA. Low representation in bio-specimen research precludes stratified analyses and creates challenges in studying health outcomes among AA populations. Previous studies examining determinants of bio-specimen research participation among minority participants have focused on individual-level barriers and facilitators.

Synthesis of Tetrathia-Oligothiophene Macrocycles.

The synthesis of six tetrathia-oligothiophene macrocycles is described with modest ring-closing yields between 21 and 55%. Single-crystal X-ray studies of four of the macrocycles indicated that encapsulated solvent or guest molecules were possible. A variety of guest molecules were explored for inclusion complexes via NMR, absorption, emission, and X-ray techniques.

Acid-Catalyzed Electron Transfer Processes in Naphthalene peri-Dichalcogenides.

1,8-Naphthalene peri-dichalcogenides undergo protonation by Bronsted acids to produce electrophilic cations. Single electron transfer (SET) from the remaining unprotonated electron-rich peri-dichalcogenide to the cation then generates a radical cation and a radical. Thus, the formation of radical species results in severe peak broadening and coalescence of NMR signals when trifluoroacetic acid or other strong acids are added to the peri-dichalcogenide, and the process can be reversed by treatment with base.

Assessment of encapsulated dyes' distribution in silica nanoparticles and their ability to release useful singlet oxygen.

Working with silica nanoparticle encapsulated BODIPY and xanthene photosensitizers, we have determined that singlet oxygen spends up to 78% of its lifetime inside the nanocarriers. Our systematic investigation indicates that hydrophobicity rules the photosensitizer distribution in nanoparticles, which in turn dictates the ability of these structures to release singlet oxygen.

De novo metastasis in breast cancer: occurrence and overall survival stratified by molecular subtype.

Breast cancer molecular subtypes, categorized jointly by hormone receptors (HR) and human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2), are utilized to guide systemic therapy. We hypothesized distinct patterns of de novo metastasis and overall survival by molecular subtype using a retrospective cohort of 399,772 women in the National Cancer Database diagnosed with first primary invasive breast cancer between 2010 and 2014, of whom 13,924 were diagnosed with de novo metastasis from 2010 to 2013 and had follow up data. The relationship of molecular subtype with patient and tumor characteristics, including site of de novo metastasis, were examined using Chi-squared tests.

Racial disparities in omission of oncotype DX but no racial disparities in chemotherapy receipt following completed oncotype DX test results.

Purpose: To examine racial/ethnic disparities in Oncotype DX (ODX) testing among patients with node-negative, estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancers and possible racial/ethnic disparities in chemotherapy receipt following ODX testing within Recurrence Score (RS) category (Not Done, Low, Intermediate, High), as well as chemotherapy receipt time trends within RS categories.

Methods: A retrospective cohort list of 125,288 women who were potentially indicated for ODX testing from 2010 to 2014 was obtained using the National Cancer Database. We fit multivariate logistic regression predicting chemotherapy receipt, adjusting for clinical factors, patient demographic factors, and hospital-level factors, separately by RS category, and calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), as well as time trends.

Enhanced Glutathione Peroxidase Activity of Water-Soluble and Polyethylene Glycol-Supported Selenides, Related Spirodioxyselenuranes, and Pincer Selenuranes.

Diaryl selenides containing o-hydroxymethylene substituents function as peroxide-destroying mimetics of the antioxidant selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx), via oxidation to the corresponding spirodioxyselenuranes with hydrogen peroxide and subsequent reduction back to the original selenides with glutathione. Parent selenides with 3-hydroxypropyl or 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups produced the novel compounds 10 and 11, respectively, with greatly improved aqueous solubility and catalytic activity. The phenolic derivative 28 displayed similarly ameliorated properties and also modest radical-inhibiting antioxidant activity, as evidenced by an assay based on phenolic hydrogen atom transfer to the stable free radical DPPH.

Training the next generation of global health experts: experiences and recommendations from Pacific Rim universities.

Background: Finding solutions to global health problems will require a highly-trained, inter-disciplinary workforce. Global health education and research can potentially have long-range impact in addressing the global burden of disease and protecting and improving the health of the global population.

Methods: We conducted an online survey of twelve higher education institutions in the Pacific Rim that spanned the period 2005-2011.

Residential cancer cluster investigation nearby a Superfund Study Area with trichloroethylene contamination.

Purpose: Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an industrial solvent associated with liver cancer, kidney cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). It is unclear whether an excess of TCE-associated cancers have occurred surrounding the Middlefield-Ellis-Whisman Superfund site in Mountain View, California. We conducted a population-based cancer cluster investigation comparing the incidence of NHL, liver, and kidney cancers in the neighborhood of interest to the incidence among residents in the surrounding four-county region.

Effects of methoxy substituents on the glutathione peroxidase-like activity of cyclic seleninate esters.

Cyclic seleninate esters function as mimetics of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase and catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide with a stoichiometric thiol. While a single electron-donating methoxy substituent para to the selenium atom enhances the catalytic activity, m-methoxy groups have little effect and o-methoxy substituents suppress activity. The effects of multiple methoxy groups are not cumulative.

Outcomes after diagnosis of mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome before 30 years of age: a population-based study.

Importance: Mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome (MF/SS) are rare in children and young adults, and thus the incidence and outcomes in this patient population are not well studied.

Objective: To assess the incidence and outcomes of MF/SS in patients diagnosed before 30 years of age.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Retrospective study of 2 population-based cancer registries-the California Cancer Registry (n = 204) and 9 US cancer registries of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (SEER 9; n = 195)-for patients diagnosed with MF/SS before 30 years of age.

Colorectal cancer incidence in Asian populations in California: effect of nativity and neighborhood-level factors.

Objectives: Heritable and environmental factors may contribute to differences in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence across populations. We capitalized on the resources of the California Cancer Registry (CCR) and California's diverse Asian population to perform a cohort study exploring the relationships between CRC incidence, nativity, and neighborhood-level factors across Asian subgroups.

Methods: We identified CRC cases in the CCR from 1990 to 2004 and calculated age-adjusted CRC incidence rates for non-Hispanic Whites and US-born vs.

Impact of breast cancer subtypes on 3-year survival among adolescent and young adult women.

Introduction: Young women have poorer survival after breast cancer than do older women. It is unclear whether this survival difference relates to the unique distribution of hormone receptor (HR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-defined molecular breast cancer subtypes among adolescent and young adult (AYA) women aged 15 to 39 years. The purpose of our study was to examine associations between breast cancer subtypes and short-term survival in AYA women, as well as to determine whether the distinct molecular subtype distribution among AYA women explains the unfavorable overall breast cancer survival statistics reported for AYA women compared with older women.