Effect of glycosylated hemoglobin on response to ranibizumab therapy in diabetic macular edema: real-world outcomes in 312 patients.

Objective: To investigate the effect of serum glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) on the outcomes of ranibizumab therapy for diabetic macular edema (DME).

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Participants: Patients receiving ranibizumab injections for centre-involving DME in a National Health Service setting.

Anosmin-1 contributes to brain tumor malignancy through integrin signal pathways.

Anosmin-1, encoded by the KAL1 gene, is an extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated protein which plays essential roles in the establishment of olfactory and GNRH neurons during early brain development. Loss-of-function mutations of KAL1 results in Kallmann syndrome with delayed puberty and anosmia. There is, however, little comprehension of its role in the developed brain.