Effectiveness of Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavaria Nordic Vaccination in a Population at High Risk of Mpox: A Spanish Cohort Study.

Background: With more than 7500 cases reported since April 2022, Spain has experienced the highest incidence of mpox in Europe. From 12 July onward, the modified vaccinia Ankara-Bavaria Nordic (MVA-BN) smallpox vaccine was offered as pre-exposure prophylaxis for those receiving pre-exposure prophylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-PrEP). Our aim was to assess the effectiveness of 1 dose of MVA-BN vaccine as pre-exposure prophylaxis against mpox virus (MPXV) infection in persons on HIV-PrEP.

Duration of antibiotic therapy among paediatricians: A national survey of current clinical practice in Spain.

Objectives: Appropriate duration of antibiotic treatment is a key principle to reduce the emergence of bacterial resistance and antibiotic harm. The aim of this study was to document current clinical practice among Spanish paediatricians in terms of the duration of antibiotic therapy in both inpatient and outpatient settings, mapping the difference between practice and guidelines, and thus identifying opportunities to improve practice.

Methods: A national exploratory work survey was distributed in 2020 as a questionnaire about seven main infectious syndromes in children: genitourinary; skin and soft tissue; osteoarticular; ear, nose and throat; pneumonia; central nervous system; and bacteraemia.

Effectiveness of a Meningococcal Group B Vaccine (4CMenB) in Children.

Background: In September 2015, the four-component, protein-based meningococcal serogroup B vaccine (4CMenB; Bexsero) became available for private purchase in Spain.

Methods: We conducted a nationwide matched case-control study to assess the effectiveness of 4CMenB in preventing invasive meningococcal disease in children. The study included all laboratory-confirmed cases of invasive meningococcal disease in children younger than 60 months of age between October 5, 2015, and October 6, 2019, in Spain.

Bronchiolitis before and after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: Twelve years of experience in a Spanish paediatric hospital.

Introduction: Acute bronchiolitis is the main cause of hospitalization in children under 2 years of age, with a regular seasonality, mostly due to the respiratory syncytial virus.

Objectives: To describe the epidemiology of bronchiolitis hospitalizations in our center in the last 12 years, and analyze the changes in clinical characteristics, microbiology, and adverse outcomes during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Methods: Observational study including patients admitted for bronchiolitis between April 2010 and December 2021 in a Spanish tertiary paediatric hospital.

Clinical-epidemiological characteristics of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in a tertiary hospital in Spain.

Introduction: HIV infection was the main risk of suffering Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP). The clinical-epidemiological characteristics of PJP have currently changed, with there being few studies on this.

Methods: A retrospective observational study was carried out on paediatric patients diagnosed with PJP over a 17 year period in a third level hospital in Spain.

Distinct Laboratory and Clinical Features of Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Pediatric Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Retrospective Analysis of 127 Children in Andalusia, Spain (2004-2019).

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an endemic in Southern Europe. However, details regarding disease burden, clinical presentations, laboratory markers, management and outcome in children are scarce.

Methods: Medical records of children (<14 years) admitted with VL to 10 pediatric units in Andalusia (2004-2019) were retrospectively reviewed.

Executive Summary of the Consensus Document on the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies.

Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are rare, undiagnosed and potentially fatal diseases. Clinical manifestations of PID can be fatal or leave sequelae that worsen the quality of life of patients. Traditionally, the treatment of PIDs has been largely supportive, with the exception of bone marrow transplantation and, more recently, gene therapy.

Executive Summary of the Consensus Document on the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies.

Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are rare, undiagnosed and potentially fatal diseases. Clinical manifestations of PID can be fatal or leave sequelae that worsen the quality of life of patients. Traditionally, the treatment of PIDs has been largely supportive, with the exception of bone marrow transplantation and, more recently, gene therapy.

Influence of pneumococcal vaccination on the hospitalization of healthy pediatric patients due to typical Community-Acquired Pneumonia.

Introduction: Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most frequent causes of hospital admission in children. Our objective is to measure the impact of the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on the hospitalization of previously healthy children due to CAP.

Method: From 2011 to 2016, a partially retrospective, prospective, and descriptive study was carried out on healthy pediatric patients (3 months-14 years old) with CAP, who required hospital admission.

Consensus Document on Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children. SENP-SEPAR-SEIP.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a prevalent disease among children and is frequently associated with both diagnostic and therapeutic uncertainties. Consensus has been reached between SEPAR, SENP and SEIP, and their conclusions are as follows.

The challenges of influenza for public health.

Influenza, an infectious disease of the respiratory system, represents a major burden for public health. This disease affects all age groups with different prognosis, being life threatening for vulnerable individuals. Despite influenza being a vaccine-preventable disease, the control of the infection needs annual vaccination campaigns and constant improvements.

[Recommendations for vaccination against ROTAvirus in PREMature newborns (ROTAPREM)].

Rotavirus (RV) is the leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis in infants worldwide. Most children are infected by RV by the age of 5years, and especially in the first 2years. Two oral attenuated vaccines against RV are licensed in industrialised countries, which have proven to be safe and effective against the disease.

[Immunisation schedule of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics: 2019 recommendations].

The Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics annually publishes the immunisation schedule considered optimal for children resident in Spain, according to available evidence on current vaccines. As regards funded immunisations, the 2+1 strategy (2, 4, 11 months) with hexavalent (DTPa-IPV-Hib-HB) and 13-valent pneumococcal vaccines are recommended. Administration of the 6-year booster dose with DTPa is recommended, with a poliomyelitis dose for children who had received the 2+1 scheme, as well as Tdap vaccine for adolescents and pregnant women in every pregnancy between 27 and 32 weeks gestation.

Does exposure of pregnant women to epidemic respiratory syncytial virus affect the severity of bronchiolitis?

Introduction: Passive transplacental immunity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) appears to mediate in the protection of the infant for the first 6 months of life. Lower environmental exposure in pregnant women to RSV epidemic may influence the susceptibility of these infants to infection by lowering the levels of antibodies that are transferred to the fetus.

Objectives: To contrast the risk of severe disease progression in infants with acute bronchiolitis by RSV, according to the mother's level of exposure to epidemic.

Apnea in infants hospitalized with pertussis: Incidence and gestational smoking association.

Background: Apnea is a life-threatening complication of pertussis, now a re-emerging cause of infant hospitalization worldwide. The incidence of apnea during pertussis ranges widely. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the incidence of apnea in hospitalized infants diagnosed with pertussis and to identify relevant risk factors for apnea.

[Child hospital admissions associated with influenza virus infection in 6 Spanish cities (2014-2016)].

Introduction: There are only a limited number of studies on the impact of influenza in the Spanish child population. The present work intends to increase this knowledge by studying some key aspects, such as the incidence of hospital admissions, clinic variables, comorbidities, and the vaccination status in the hospitalised children.

Methods: A retrospective, observational study was conducted by reviewing the medical records of children under 15 years and hospitalised due to community acquired influenza confirmed microbiologically, during 2́flu seasons (2014-2015 and 2015-2016).

Linezolid-containing Treatment Regimens for Tuberculosis in Children.

Background: In recent years, there is an increasing interest in the use of linezolid for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB).

Methods: Patients less than 18 years of age who received linezolid within the Spanish Pediatric TB Network from 2001 to 2016 were retrospectively included. Treatment characteristics, adverse events (AEs) and outcomes were analyzed.

X-Linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency and Hepatoblastoma: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Severe combined immunodeficiency is an inherited disease with profoundly defective T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency is the most common form. In this report, we describe a 4-month-old male infant who was admitted to our hospital with progressive breathlessness and abdominal mass.

[Immunisation schedule of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics: 2018 recommendations].

The Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics annually publishes the immunisation schedule considered optimal for children resident in Spain, according to available evidence on current vaccines. Regarding funded immunisations, 2+1 strategy (2, 4, 11-12 months) with hexavalent (DTPa-IPV-Hib-HB) and 13-valent pneumococcal vaccines are recommended. Administration of the 6-year booster dose with DTPa is recommended, and a poliomyelitis dose for children who had received the 2+1 scheme, as well as Tdap vaccine for adolescents and pregnant women in every pregnancy between 27 and 32 weeks' gestation.

Perinatal Tuberculosis: Is It a Forgotten Disease?

Perinatal tuberculosis is an uncommon condition but with a high mortality and a challenging diagnosis. We present 4 cases of perinatal tuberculosis managed between 1991 and 2014 in a Spanish Tertiary Hospital. The infection should be considered in patients with progressive respiratory symptoms and with a poor response to conventional antibiotic therapy, especially in those with positive epidemiologic risk.

[Validation study of an acute bronchiolitis severity scale to determine admission to a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit].

Introduction: At present, there are few validated scoring tests for assessing acute bronchiolitis (AB) severity, and limited information on their test power. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the validity of an acute bronchiolitis severity score (ABSS) to help in deciding PICU admission.

Patients And Method: Prospective, descriptive, observational study of previously healthy infants under 1 year of age with AB, where the ABSS was used to compare severity as regards the need for PICU admission.

[Lower lymphocyte response in severe cases of acute bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus].

Introduction: Acute bronchiolitis (AB) of the infant has a serious outcome in 6-16% of the hospital admitted cases. Its pathogenesis and evolution is related to the response of the T lymphocytes. The objective of the present study is to determine if the lower systemic lymphocytic response is related to a worse outcome of AB in hospitalised infants.