Precision medication: An illustrative case series guiding the clinical application of multi-drug interactions and pharmacogenomics.

Precision medication entails selecting the precise medication, dose, and timing of administration. Multi-drug interactions and genetics significantly affect precision medication. In this article, we present two simulated cases for real-world applications of precision medication.

Genetic variants and interactions from a pharmacist-led pharmacogenomics service for PACE.

Evaluate results of pharmacogenomics testing for participants enrolled in the Program of All-inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE). A convenience sample of 100 participants from the PHARM-GENOME-PACE study. Genetic variants were determined by pharmacogenomics testing.

Long HIV type 1 reverse transcripts can accumulate stably within resting CD4+ T cells while short ones are degraded.

We utilized quantitative methods to compare the efficiency of reverse transcription and stability of viral DNA within resting and activated T cells. Highly purified resting CD4(+) T cells and activated T cells from healthy donors were spinoculated with HIV-1(YU-2), then cultured in conditions that maintain both the viability and the quiescence of the resting cells. Spreading infection was suppressed, then kinetic PCR was used to relate the rates of synthesis of short (strong-stop, RU5) and long (gag or U3-gag second strand transfer) viral DNA to the mean number of virions initially bound to each type of cell.

A sensitive, quantitative assay for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integration.

Quantitative methods to measure human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integration promise to be important tools in dissecting the mechanisms whereby latent reservoirs of provirus are established, most notably in the resting T cells of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Here we describe a fluorescence-monitored, nested PCR assay that is able to quantify the relatively rare integration events that occur within these cells. Following DNA extraction, a nonkinetic preamplification step is performed with primers that bind genomic Alu elements and HIV-1 gag sequences, under conditions where primers, deoxynucleoside triphosphates, and enzyme are not limiting.