Elite athletes' subjective wellbeing trajectories throughout the retirement transition: an analysis using Ruthven's (2022) transition model.

Aims: Utilizing Ruthven's (2022) transition model, we explored how identity, voluntariness, and reason for retirement are related to subjective wellbeing throughout an athlete's retirement.

Methods: 541 participants completed an anonymous, online survey and estimated their wellbeing starting before retirement and up to the present. A set of linear mixed models regressed the seven wellbeing outcomes on the three measures, with education, gender, and time since retirement as covariates.

Substance Misuse in Elite Athletes: Early Detection, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment.

Sports medicine physicians and athletic trainers regularly encounter athletes who misuse substances that put them at risk for adverse health, social, interpersonal, academic, psychological, and performance effects. The three most encountered substances are alcohol (binge drinking), cannabis (marijuana), and tobacco/nicotine vaping. Early detection using self-report screening instruments, adverse consequences questionnaires, and urine testing are reviewed.

Surveillance of athlete mental health symptoms and disorders: a supplement to the International Olympic Committee's consensus statement on injury and illness surveillance.

In 2019, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) published a consensus statement outlining the principles for recording and reporting injury and illness in elite sport. The authors encouraged sport federations to adapt the framework to their sport-specific context. Since this publication, several sports have published extensions to the IOC consensus statement.

Do varsity college athletes have a greater likelihood of risky alcohol and cannabis use than non-athletes? Results from a National Survey in Brazil.

Objective: We examined the prevalence of risky alcohol and cannabis use among Brazilian varsity college athletes and whether this group had a greater likelihood of risky use than non-athletes.

Methods: In 2009, Brazilian college students (n=12,711) were recruited for a national stratified random survey. Their sociodemographic characteristics, mental health, substance use, and participation in varsity sports were assessed.

Substance Use and Its Impact on Athlete Health and Performance.

The pressure to gain mass, power, explosiveness, and endurance and to obtain a performance edge continues to a part of sports. Anabolic agents, including selective androgen receptor modulators along with peptides, hormones, and metabolic modulators, continues to evolve. Methods to promote transcription to modify gene expression are a part of the evolution.

Mental health management of elite athletes during COVID-19: a narrative review and recommendations.

Elite athletes suffer many mental health symptoms and disorders at rates equivalent to or exceeding those of the general population. COVID-19 has created new strains on elite athletes, thus potentially increasing their vulnerability to mental health symptoms. This manuscript serves as a narrative review of the impact of the pandemic on management of those symptoms in elite athletes and ensuing recommendations to guide that management.

International Olympic Committee (IOC) Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool 1 (SMHAT-1) and Sport Mental Health Recognition Tool 1 (SMHRT-1): towards better support of athletes' mental health.

Objectives: To develop an assessment and recognition tool to identify elite athletes at risk for mental health symptoms and disorders.

Methods: We conducted narrative and systematic reviews about mental health symptoms and disorders in active and former elite athletes. The views of active and former elite athletes (N=360) on mental health symptoms in elite sports were retrieved through an electronic questionnaire.

Update on integrative treatment of psychiatric symptoms and disorders in athletes.

: In this review, we detail the issues and disorders athletes present with, guidelines for making diagnostic formulations and treatment goals, and strategies for delivering integrated treatment attuned to the athlete and their team and/or sport. In addition, we highlight special issues associated with athletes and their families. : Data suggests athletes experience comprable incidence and prevalence rates to the general population of psychiatric disorders.

Problem gambling and associated mental health concerns in elite athletes: a narrative review.

Opportunities to participate in gambling have dramatically changed during the past 20 years. Casinos have proliferated as have electronic gambling machines, lotteries, sports betting, and most recently online gambling. Gambling among the general population has moved from being perceived negatively to a socially acceptable pastime.

Management of mental health emergencies in elite athletes: a narrative review.

Mental health emergencies require a rapid, effective response. We searched the literature on mental health emergencies in athletes and found five papers. None of these addressed elite athletes.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in elite athletes: a narrative review.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common brain developmental disorder in the general population that may be even more prevalent in elite athletes in certain sports. General population studies of ADHD are extensive and have reported on prevalence, symptoms, therapeutic and adverse effects of treatment and new clinical and research findings. However, few studies have reported on prevalence, symptoms and treatments of ADHD in elite athletes.

Recreational and ergogenic substance use and substance use disorders in elite athletes: a narrative review.

Background: Substances from various classes may be used for recreational purposes, self-treatment or to boost performance. When substance use shifts from occasional to regular, heavy or hazardous use, positive and negative effects can develop that vary by substance class and athlete. Regular use of recreational or performance enhancing substances can lead to misuse, sanctions or use disorders.

Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019).

Mental health symptoms and disorders are common among elite athletes, may have sport related manifestations within this population and impair performance. Mental health cannot be separated from physical health, as evidenced by mental health symptoms and disorders increasing the risk of physical injury and delaying subsequent recovery. There are no evidence or consensus based guidelines for diagnosis and management of mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes.

Psychotherapy for mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes: a narrative review.

Background: Athletes, like non-athletes, suffer from mental health symptoms and disorders that affect their lives and their performance. Psychotherapy, either as the sole treatment or combined with other non-pharmacological and pharmacological strategies, is a pivotal component of management of mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes. Psychotherapy takes the form of individual, couples/family or group therapy and should address athlete-specific issues while being embraced as normative by athletes and their core stakeholders.

Working with sports organizations and teams.

Athletes and coaches at all competitive levels will utilize sports performance and psychiatric services at very high rates if the services are offered on-site and free of charge and are broad in scope and culturally sensitive. Services should be available throughout the team year and cover areas such as team building, mental preparation, stress control, substance prevention, sleep and energy regulation, injury recovery, crisis intervention, and mental disorder treatment. The staff offering these services should be diverse by gender, profession, and culture, and the fees should be paid by the organization.

Sociodemographic characteristics associated with substance use status in a trauma inpatient population.

Substance use is significantly associated with physical injury, yet relatively little is known about the prevalence of specific substance use disorders among trauma patients, or their associated sociodemographic characteristics. We evaluated these issues in an unselected sample of 1,118 adult inpatients at the University of Maryland Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MD, who were interviewed with the psychoactive substance use disorder section of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. Among trauma inpatients, lifetime alcohol users (71.

A controlled trial of brief intervention versus brief advice for at-risk drinking trauma center patients.

Background: Numerous reports document that preinjury alcohol use is associated with all modes of injury requiring treatment in a trauma center, with 25% to 50% or more of patients testing positive for alcohol at the time of admission. There is evidence that in trauma patients unaddressed alcohol use problems result in recurrent injury requiring readmission to a trauma center and/or death.

Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted to assess the effectiveness of two types of brief interventions to reduce drinking and the consequences of drinking.

Risk of psychoactive substance dependence among substance users in a trauma inpatient population.

One measure of a substance's addictive risk is the proportion of users who become dependent. This study evaluates the lifetime and current risk of substance dependence among lifetime substance users' among trauma inpatients and provides a relative ranking of addictive risk among the substances. Data on use of 8 substance groups (alcohol, opiates, marijuana, cocaine, other stimulants, sedative-hypnotics, hallucinogens, other drugs) were obtained by interview (Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-III-R) from 1,118 adult trauma inpatients.

Professional and collegiate team assistance programs: services and utilization patterns.

Elite professional and collegiate athletes underuse stress control, mental health, and substance abuse treatment services. Behavioral health services use can be increased by establishing on-site, sports-specific services. Like Employee Assistance Programs of industry and government, Team Assistance Programs (TAPs) address critical issues such as substance abuse prevention, tobacco cessation, stress recognition, mental illness management, injury rehabilitation, performance enhancement, and cultural support.

Substance use in athletics: a sports psychiatry perspective.

Athletes use substances to produce pleasure, relieve pain and stress, improve socialization, recover from injury, and enhance performance. Therefore, they use some substances in substantially higher rates that nonathletes. Despite these higher rates of use, rates of addiction may in fact be lower in athletes.