Metallic Biomaterials: Current Challenges and Opportunities.

Metallic biomaterials are engineered systems designed to provide internal support to biological tissues and they are being used largely in joint replacements, dental implants, orthopaedic fixations and stents. Higher biomaterial usage is associated with an increased incidence of implant-related complications due to poor implant integration, inflammation, mechanical instability, necrosis and infections, and associated prolonged patient care, pain and loss of function. In this review, we will briefly explore major representatives of metallic biomaterials along with the key existing and emerging strategies for surface and bulk modification used to improve biointegration, mechanical strength and flexibility of biometals, and discuss their compatibility with the concept of 3D printing.

Selective retrieval of pre- and post-coordinated SNOMED concepts.

In general, it is very straightforward to store concept identifiers in electronic medical records and represent them in messages. Information models typically specify the fields that can contain coded entries. For each of these fields there may be additional constraints governing exactly which concept identifiers are applicable.