Prefrontal Cortical Regulation of REM Sleep.

Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep is accompanied by intense cortical activity, underlying its wake-like electroencephalogram (EEG). The neural activity inducing REM sleep is thought to originate from subcortical circuits in brainstem and hypothalamus. However, whether cortical neurons can also trigger REM sleep has remained unknown.

Prefrontal cortical regulation of REM sleep.

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is accompanied by intense cortical activity, underlying its wake-like electroencephalogram. The neural activity inducing REM sleep is thought to originate from subcortical circuits in brainstem and hypothalamus. However, whether cortical neurons can also trigger REM sleep has remained unknown.

Structure-Reactivity Studies of 2-Sulfonylpyrimidines Allow Selective Protein Arylation.

Protein arylation has attracted much attention for developing new classes of bioconjugates with improved properties. Here, we have evaluated 2-sulfonylpyrimidines as covalent warheads for the mild, chemoselective, and metal free cysteine -arylation. 2-Sulfonylpyrimidines react rapidly with cysteine, resulting in stable -heteroarylated adducts at neutral pH.

A catenane that is topologically achiral despite being composed of oriented rings.

Catenanes-molecules comprising two interlocking rings held together like links in a chain-are topologically non-trivial: a catenane is a topological isomer of its separated rings, but the rings cannot be disconnected without bond scission. Catenanes can exist as topological enantiomers if both rings have directionality conferred by a defined atom sequence, but this has led to the assumption that the stereochemistry of chiral catenanes composed of oriented rings is inherently topological in nature. Here we show that this assumption is incorrect by synthesizing an example that contains the same fundamental stereogenic unit but whose stereochemistry is Euclidean.

Mechanically axially chiral catenanes and noncanonical mechanically axially chiral rotaxanes.

Chirality typically arises in molecules because of a rigidly chiral arrangement of covalently bonded atoms. Less generally appreciated is that chirality can arise when molecules are threaded through one another to create a mechanical bond. For example, when two macrocycles with chemically distinct faces are joined to form a catenane, the structure is chiral, although the rings themselves are not.

A chiral interlocking auxiliary strategy for the synthesis of mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes.

Rotaxanes can display molecular chirality solely due to the mechanical bond between the axle and encircling macrocycle without the presence of covalent stereogenic units. However, the synthesis of such molecules remains challenging. We have discovered a combination of reaction partners that function as a chiral interlocking auxiliary to both orientate a macrocycle and, effectively, load it onto a new axle.

Recurring Severe Injection-Related Infections in People Who Inject Drugs and the Need for Safe Injection Sites in Madrid, Spain.

Background: An estimated 58 749 people with opioid use disorder engaged in opioid agonist therapy (OAT) in 1132 centers in Spain during 2017. We aimed to calculate the incidence of severe injection-related infections in people who inject drugs (PWID) engaged in OAT in harm reduction settings without a safe consumption space.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed in PWID engaged in OAT and in a mobile harm reduction unit to quantify admissions to a referral hospital for any severe injection-related infections between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2019.

A flexible self-folding receptor for coronene.

We report a conformationally flexible deep cavitand receptor based on calix[5]arene and stabilized by a cooperative network of hydrogen bonds. The receptor binds coronene selectively over smaller polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, but is flexible enough to adapt to a smaller guest that presents a complementary electron deficient surface. The unique dynamic properties of this system have been thoroughly studied by NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.

Generation and Reactions of an Octacyclic Hindered Pyramidalized Alkene.

Octacyclo[10.6.1.

Obstructive sleep apnea and periodic limb movement disorder in a population of children with hypertension and/or nocturnal nondipping blood pressures.

There is a reported association between hypertension (HTN) and sleep disorders. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends screening children with HTN for sleep disorders because sleep disorders increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. We quantified the frequency and severity of sleep disorders within our institution's hypertensive pediatric population and evaluated the effectiveness of performing nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG).

Sleep-disordered breathing in patients with myelomeningocele.

OBJECT A paucity of literature examines sleep apnea in patients with myelomeningocele, Chiari malformation Type II (CM-II), and related hydrocephalus. Even less is known about the effect of hydrocephalus treatment or CM-II decompression on sleep hygiene. This study is an exploratory analysis of sleep-disordered breathing in patients with myelomeningocele and the effects of neurosurgical treatments, in particular CM-II decompression and hydrocephalus management, on sleep organization.

Acute kidney injury is associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia/mortality in premature infants.

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) impairs electrolyte balance, alters fluid homeostasis and decreases toxin excretion. More recent data suggest it also affects the physiology of distant organs.

Methods: We performed a prospective cohort study which invloved 122 premature infants [birth weight (BW) ≤1200 g and/or gestational age (GA) <31 weeks] to determine relationships between AKI and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)/mortality.

The relationships among family management behaviors and asthma morbidity in maternal caregivers of children with asthma.

Numerous studies have identified the relationship of the family caregiver's perception regarding asthma management and the child's asthma outcomes, although few have examined family caregiver asthma management behaviors. The primary aim of this study was to examine the relationship among family management behaviors and asthma morbidity as perceived by maternal caregivers. The Family Management Style Framework was used to guide the research.

Mediterranean diet adherence and prostate cancer risk.

Background: Countries following the traditional Mediterranean Diet, particularly Southern European countries, have lower prostate cancer incidence and mortality compared to other European regions. The beneficial effect has been attributed to a specific eating pattern.

Objective: The purpose of this review is to examine the evidence to date on the effects of adherence to a Mediterranean Diet on prostate cancer risk; and to identify which elements of the Mediterranean diet are likely to protect against prostate cancer.

Sleep quality, stress, caregiver burden, and quality of life in maternal caregivers of young children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Little is known about the influence of sleep quality, stress, and caregiver burden on quality of life in maternal caregivers of young children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). In 61 maternal caregivers (mean age 29.59 years) of young children with BPD (mean age 13.

Modulation of the endogenous antioxidants paraoxonase-1 and urate by pesticide exposure and genetic variants of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes.

This study evaluated the association between pesticide exposure in farmworkers and plasma levels of the endogenous antioxidants urate and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) enzyme activities (paraoxonase, arylesterase and diazoxonase, three substrate-specific assays for measuring PON1 function) by using generalized estimating equations (GEEs). Decreases in plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterases (BChE and AChE, respectively) were used as biomarkers of pesticide exposure. We also assessed the contribution of genetic polymorphisms of the pesticide-metabolising enzymes PON1, glutathione S-transferases (GST) and cholinesterase variants (BCHE) on plasma levels of endogenous antioxidants and potential gene-environment interactions.

On the reaction of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran and (2-iodoethynyl)(phenyl)iodonium triflate. A unique case of oxygen transfer from the Diels-Alder adduct to the diene.

Reaction of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPIBF) with 2-(iodoethynyl)(phenyl)-iodonium triflate at room temperature gave the expected Diels-Alder adduct, but using an excess of DFIBF (2 equiv.) and performing the reaction at 55 °C or heating at this temperature during the concentration stage, the initial orange solution or product mixture became dark brown and the products 1,2-phenylene-1,2-bis(phenylmethanone) and 2-(3-iodo-1,4-diphenylnaphthyl)(phenyl)iodonium triflate were obtained, which suggests an oxygen transfer between DPIBF and the initial adduct.

High-fidelity simulation training for sleep technologists in a pediatric sleep disorders center.

Study Objectives: Severe events of respiratory distress can be life threatening. Although rare in some outpatient settings, effective recognition and management are essential to improving outcomes. The value of high-fidelity simulation has not been assessed for sleep technologists (STs).

Where to B in dZ/dt.

The B point on the impedance cardiograph waveform corresponds to the opening of the aortic valve and is an important parameter for calculating systolic time intervals, stroke volume, and cardiac output. Identifying the location of the B point is sometimes problematic because the characteristic upstroke that serves as a marker of this point is not always apparent. Here is presented a reliable method for B point identification, based on the consistent relationship between the R to B interval (RB) and the interval between the R-wave and the peak of the dZ/dt function (RZ).

Filter properties of root mean square successive difference (RMSSD) for heart rate.

The root mean square successive difference (RMSSD) in heart period series is a time domain measure of heart period variability. The RMSSD is sensitive to high-frequency heart period fluctuations in the respiratory frequency range and has been used as an index of vagal cardiac control. By transfer function simulations, the RMSSD statistic is shown to represent a high-pass filter that effectively captures respiratory sinus arrhythmia but also passes lower frequency fluctuations that can include sympathetic influences.

Activation of airway cl- secretion in human subjects by adenosine.

We investigated cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) regulation by A2 adenosine (Ado) receptors and beta2 adrenergic receptors in CFTR-corrected CFBE41o- airway cells and human subjects. CFBE41o- cells stimulated with Ado (10 microM), isoproterenol (Iso, 10 microM), or Ado + Iso (10 microM each) elevated cyclic AMP (cAMP) above control conditions (P < 0.001), with the Iso conditions increasing cAMP approximately 10-fold above that produced by Ado alone (P < 0.

Where to Q in PEP.

The onset of ventricular depolarization defines the start of the preejection period (PEP), which is commonly used as an index of myocardial contractility and sympathetic control of the heart. Although the fiducial point for this onset has traditionally been the onset of the Q wave of the electrocardiogram, other measurement points have also been used in the literature, including the peak of the Q wave (i.e.

Role of retinal detachment subretinal fluid on extracellular matrix metabolism.

Purpose: To examine the in vitro effects of subretinal fluid (SRF) from patients with retinal detachment on extracellular matrix turnover.

Methods: Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity was explored by radiolabeled substrate degradation and zymography. Human lung fibroblasts were used to analyze SRF effects on collagen synthesis and cell proliferation.

The effect of a single remote course versus weekly courses of antenatal corticosteroids on functional residual capacity in preterm infants: a randomized trial.

Objective: There are no randomized data on the effect of repeat courses of corticosteroids during pregnancy on newborn pulmonary function. Our objective was to compare the effect of a single remote course of antenatal steroids (AS) with weekly courses of AS on functional residual capacity (FRC) and respiratory compliance in preterm infants.

Study Design/methods: Pregnant women 25 to 33 weeks' gestation, who remained undelivered 1 week after their first course of antenatal corticosteroids (two 12-mg doses of betamethasone) were randomized to weekly courses of corticosteroids versus weekly placebo until delivery or 34 weeks' gestation.