Quality of life, functioning and participation of children and adolescents with visual impairment: A scoping review.

Background: Vision has a key role in children's neuromotor, cognitive and social development. Children with visual impairment attain developmental milestones at later stages and are at higher risk of developing psychological disorders and social withdrawn.

Aims: We performed a scoping review to summarize the mostly used instruments assessing the impact of visual impairment on quality of life, functioning and participation of children and adolescents.

Persistent Spinal Pain Syndrome Type 2 (PSPS-T2), a Social Pain? Advocacy for a Social Gradient of Health Approach to Chronic Pain.

The Social Gradient of Health (SGH), or position in the social hierarchy, is one of the major determinants of health. It influences the development and evolution of many chronic diseases. Chronic pain dramatically affects individual and social condition.

[Modesty in hospital and in care].

Modesty is the expression of the fear of being seen in a position which the individual considers as strictly private. It is turned towards others and if it is breached, the individual experiences a feeling of shame. The hospital is a place where it is challenged.

[Different old ages].

There is no single form of ageing. Some people age in a sort of peaceful and happy continuity of their existence, while others are confronted with illness or bereavements which can weaken them considerably. Ageing therefore takes many different forms.

[When pain cannot be expressed].

How pain is felt is a personal and private fact which is almost impossible to measure, which eludes any attempt to grasp and describe it and any desire to convey to another person its intensity and its nature. The challenge is to understand the pain, to assess it and manage it.

[Reconstructing the face, an identity issue].

The human being invests a physical body, a symbol of different significations and values. When this body is damaged, it is the individual's relationship with the world which is unsettled. The disfigured person is confronted with a loss of his or her identity and with a destabilising social relationship.

[The body and touch in nursing care].

The body is intimate, social and cultural. The care relationship is constructed through the body. The skin, a symbolic cover, exposes and protects.

[Representation in life sciences (6). Cultural images of the body: Organism and flesh].

In the social and historical plan, the « body » is not still a datum of evidence. This formulation with a dualist connotation does not appear in all the human societies, certain do not distinguish the man from his flesh. The body is rather a question than an answer, a misleading evidence which reveals a multitude of different representations which assign to it a position determined within the general symbolism of the society, dependent on a social status, on a vision of the world, and inside this last one on a definition of the person.

[Pain and the care relationship].

From one social and cultural condition to another, and depending on their personal history, people do not react in the same way to the same type of injury or disease. Each pain is unique. Making the patient a player in his/her treatment is an essential component of an effective care relationship.

[Risk-taking behaviours in adolescents].

Risk-taking behaviours often reflect ambivalent ways of calling for the help of one's close friends and family--those who count. In spite of the suffering it engenders, risk-taking nevertheless has a positive side, fostering independence in adolescents and a search for reference points; it leads to a better self-image and is a means of developing one's identity. It is nonetheless painful in terms of the repercussions it has through the injuries, death or addiction it incurs.

[Risk-taking behaviors among young people].

Risk-taking behaviors are often an ambivalent way of calling for help from close friends or family - those who count. It is an ultimate means of finding meaning and a system of values; it is a sign of an adolescent's active resistance and attempts to re-establish his or her place in the world. It contrasts with the far more incisive risk of depression and the radical collapse of meaning.