Gambling habits and Probability Judgements in a Bayesian Task Environment.

Little is known about how gamblers form probability assessments. This paper reports on a preregistered study that administered an incentivized Bayesian choice task to n = 465 self-reported gamblers and non-gamblers. The task elicits subjective probability assessments and allows one to estimate the degree to which distinct information sources are weighted in forming probability assessments.

The impact of restricting sleep duration on physical activity: Secondary analysis of a randomized crossover study.

Objectives: This study investigated the causal impact of sleep durations on participants' physical activity (PA) in real-world conditions.

Method: We performed a secondary analysis of PA data from 146 young adults using a randomized crossover design: both restricted (5-6 hr/night) and well-rested (8-9 hr/night) sleep weeks were assessed, with a washout week in between. Sleep and activity were tracked via research-grade actigraphy.

Sleep restriction alters the integration of multiple information sources in probabilistic decision-making.

The detrimental effects of sleep loss on overall decision-making have been well described. Due to the complex nature of decisions, there remains a need for studies to identify specific mechanisms of decision-making vulnerable to sleep loss. Bayesian perspectives of decision-making posit judgement formation during decision-making occurs via a process of integrating knowledge gleaned from past experiences (priors) with new information from current observations (likelihoods).

Preliminary evidence that misalignment between sleep and circadian timing alters risk-taking preferences.

Decision-making has been shown to suffer when circadian preference is misaligned with time of assessment; however, little is known about how misalignment between sleep timing and the central circadian clock impacts decision-making. This study captured naturally occurring variation in circadian alignment (i.e.

Sex moderates the effects of total sleep deprivation and sleep restriction on risk preference.

Sleep loss has been shown to alter risk preference during decision-making. However, research in this area has largely focussed on the effects of total sleep deprivation (TSD), while evidence on the effects of sleep restriction (SR) or the potentially moderating role of sex on risk preference remains scarce and unclear. The present study investigated risky decision-making in 47 healthy young adults who were assigned to either of two counterbalanced protocols: well-rested (WR) and TSD, or WR and SR.

The impact of self-selected short sleep on monetary risk taking.

Risky choice has been widely studied in experimental settings, but there is a paucity of research examining the effects of self-selected sleep schedules on risky choices. The current study examined incentivised risky choices of 100 young, healthy adults whose self-selected (at-home) sleep schedules were tracked via actigraphy for 1 week prior to decision making. Average nightly sleep was 6.

The influence of dietary patterns on outcomes in a Bayesian choice task.

Background And Aims: Previous research has investigated the impact of diet on cognition, but the focus has often been on general cognition. This paper reports on a preregistered cross-sectional study aimed at testing for specific executive function differences across individuals who self-reported one of four distinct dietary patterns: , , , or pattern. Our hypotheses were aimed at testing whether adherence to a specialty diet improved decision making relative to those who reported following .

The effect of sleep on public good contributions and punishment: Experimental evidence.

We investigate the effect of a full week of sleep restriction (SR) vs. well-restedness (WR) on contributions in a common public good experiment, the voluntary contributions mechanism (VCM). We examine the effect of sleep manipulation on decisions regarding both contributions and punishment of non-contributors.

Thinking about complex decisions: How sleep and time-of-day influence complex choices.

In this study, we systematically manipulate a person's state of sleep; Sleep-deprived and Well-rested along with Matching or Mismatching the decision time-of-day to their circadian preferred time-of-day. We assessed how these conditions influenced performance on an incentivized complex decision task. In the overall analysis of these variables no differences emerged.

Author Correction: Insufficient sleep reduces voting and other prosocial behaviours.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Insufficient sleep reduces voting and other prosocial behaviours.

Insufficient sleep is a growing public health concern in industrial societies. Although a lack of sleep is known to negatively affect private behaviours-such as working or going to school-comparatively little is known about its consequences for the social behaviours that hold society and democracy together. Using three complementary methods, we show how insufficient sleep affects various measures of civic participation.

Personal sleep debt and daytime sleepiness mediate the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes in young adults.

Background: Sleep duration and chronotype (i.e., morningness-eveningness) are associated with increased depression and anxiety risk, but differences in individual sleep need and lifestyle may mean these sleep parameters do not present the same risk across all individuals.

A practical validation study of a commercial accelerometer using good and poor sleepers.

We validated a Fitbit sleep tracking device against typical research-use actigraphy across four nights on 38 young adults. Fitbit devices overestimated sleep and were less sensitive to differences compared to the Actiwatch, but nevertheless captured 88 (poor sleepers) to 98 percent (good sleepers) of Actiwatch estimated sleep time changes. Bland-Altman analysis shows that the average difference between device measurements can be sizable.

The viability of an ecologically valid chronic sleep restriction and circadian timing protocol: An examination of sample attrition, compliance, and effectiveness at impacting sleepiness and mood.

Chronic sleep restriction (SR) increases sleepiness, negatively impacts mood, and impairs a variety of cognitive performance measures. The vast majority of work establishing these effects are tightly controlled in-lab experimental studies. Examining commonly-experienced levels of SR in naturalistic settings is more difficult and generally involves observational methods, rather than active manipulations of sleep.

Neural correlates of decision-making during a Bayesian choice task.

Many critical decisions require evaluation of accumulated previous information and/or newly acquired evidence. Although neural correlates of belief updating have been investigated, how these neural processes guide decisions involving Bayesian choice is less clear. Here, we used functional MRI to investigate neural activity during a Bayesian choice task involving two sources of information: base rate odds ('odds') and sample evidence ('evidence').

Voluntary Sleep Choice and Its Effects on Bayesian Decisions.

This study examines whether voluntary sleep restriction at commonly experienced levels impacts decision making in a Bayesian choice task. Participants recruited were largely traditional age college students from a regional state university (n = 100) and a federal military academy (n = 99; n = 56 and 43, respectively, used in final analysis). Sleep was measured by actigraphy over a one-week period, followed by performance of a decision task.

The physical sacrifice of thinking: Investigating the relationship between thinking and physical activity in everyday life.

Physical activity level is an important contributor to overall human health and obesity. Research has shown that humans possess a number of traits that influence their physical activity level including social cognition. We examined whether the trait of "need for cognition" was associated with daily physical activity levels.

Effects of exercise timing on sleep architecture and nocturnal blood pressure in prehypertensives.

Background: During nocturnal sleep, blood pressure (BP) "dips" compared to diurnal BP, reducing stress on the cardiovascular system. Both the hypotensive response elicited by acute aerobic exercise and sleep quality can impact this dipping response.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise timing on circadian BP changes and sleep architecture.

Bargaining and trust: the effects of 36-h total sleep deprivation on socially interactive decisions.

Although it is well known that sleep loss results in poor judgement and decisions, little is known about the influence of social context in these processes. Sixteen healthy young adults underwent three games involving bargaining ('Ultimatum' and 'Dictator') and trust, following total sleep deprivation (TSD) and during rested wakefulness (RW), in a repeated-measures, counterbalanced design. To control for repeatability, a second group (n = 16) was tested twice under RW conditions.

The effects of one night of sleep deprivation on known-risk and ambiguous-risk decisions.

Sleep deprivation has been shown to alter decision-making abilities. The majority of research has utilized fairly complex tasks with the goal of emulating 'real-life' scenarios. Here, we use a Lottery Choice Task (LCT) which assesses risk and ambiguity preference for both decisions involving potential gains and those involving potential losses.

Wage differentials between college graduates with and without learning disabilities.

Wage differential studies examining legally protected groups typically focus on gender or racial differences. Legislation also fully protects individuals with learning disabilities (LD). This article is the first to decompose wage differentials between adults with and without LD.