Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of spp. and spp. in retail shrimp in Northern California.

Shrimp is one of the most consumed seafood products globally. Antimicrobial drugs play an integral role in disease mitigation in aquaculture settings, but their prevalent use raises public health concerns on the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms. spp.

Investigation of a Multistate Outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes Infections Linked to Frozen Vegetables Produced at Individually Quick-Frozen Vegetable Manufacturing Facilities.

In 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and state partners investigated nine Listeria monocytogenes infections linked to frozen vegetables.

Draft Genome Sequences of 171 Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from Food-Related Listeriosis Outbreaks in California from 2007 to 2017.

This publication reports the availability of draft genome sequences of 171 strains isolated from various food-related sources from California between 2007 and 2017. All isolates contain at least two antimicrobial resistance genes.

A Multistate Outbreak of O157:H7 Infections Linked to Soy Nut Butter.

Background: In 2017, we conducted a multistate investigation to determine the source of an outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) O157:H7 infections, which occurred primarily in children.

Methods: We defined a case as infection with an outbreak strain of STEC O157:H7 with illness onset between January 1, 2017, and April 30, 2017. Case patients were interviewed to identify common exposures.

Foodborne Botulism Outbreak Associated With Commercial Nacho Cheese Sauce From a Gas Station Market.

Background: Botulism is a rare and potentially fatal paralytic disease caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). In April 2017, 4 California residents from 2 adjacent counties were hospitalized with suspected foodborne botulism, precipitating an investigation by state and local public health departments in California.

Methods: We interviewed suspected botulism patients and their families, inspected the suspect establishment, and collected suspect food.

Genome Sequences of Two Strains from Nectarines Associated with Listeriosis in 2014.

is an important foodborne pathogen. Here, we present the annotated whole genome of strains F14M01297-C2 and F14M01297-C4, isolated from nectarines distributed by a packing facility in California during an investigation of listeriosis associated with stone fruit in 2014.

Draft Whole-Genome Sequences of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovars Enteritidis, Veneziana, and Salford, Isolated from Herbs.

Salmonellais a foodborne pathogen found in a wide variety of sources. Here, we report draft genome sequences of threeSalmonella entericasubsp.entericaserovars found in herbs: Enteritidis, Veneziana, and Salford, with the latter two being extremely rare in California.

Draft Genome Sequence of an ortho-Nitrophenyl-β-d-Galactoside (ONPG)-Negative Strain of Vibrio cholerae, Isolated from Drakes Bay, California.

We present the draft whole-genome sequence of a Vibrio cholerae strain (Vc25-3) isolated from Drakes Bay, California. This environmental isolate has an atypical morphology and is ortho-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactoside (ONPG)-negative.

Draft Whole-Genome Sequences of Three Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O91:H21 Isolates, Two from Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Patients and One of Porcine Origin.

This study presents three genomes of O91:H21 isolates, two from hemolytic uremic syndrome patients and one of porcine origin. Genome analyses reveal that one of the human isolates contains both Shiga toxin-encoding genes (stx1 and stx2), and all three isolates contain putative adhesin (iha and eaeH) and antibiotic resistance (ampC) genes.

Comparison of neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody responses for evaluating the seasonal influenza vaccine.

Evaluation of the efficacy of influenza vaccines is essential for vaccine development. This study evaluated the neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibition antibody response in subjects receiving the 2006-07 and 2007-08 seasonal influenza vaccines. ELISA-based microneutralization demonstrated a greater mean-fold increase and seroconversion rate than the hemagglutination-inhibition assay.

Evolution of re-emergent virus and its impact on enterovirus 71 epidemics.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a member of the Enterovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family, has become an emergent infectious disease worldwide, most notably in Asia. As a neurotropic virus, EV71 infection occasionally causes neurological diseases with pulmonary edema, which is fatal for children. In this review, we examine the epidemiology of EV71, with three waves of increased EV71 activity since the 1970s and discuss the genotypic changes in phylogeny between the outbreaks or epidemics.

Introduction of a strong temperature-sensitive phenotype into enterovirus 71 by altering an amino acid of virus 3D polymerase.

In 1998, an enterovirus 71 (EV71) epidemic in Taiwan resulted in 78 deaths; however, the molecular basis of EV71 pathogenicity remains poorly understood. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences in 3D polymerases of EV71clinical isolates showed the T251V or T251I substitution from 1986 and 1998 outbreaks. An EV71 replicon system showed that introducing an I251T mutation did not affect luciferase activities at 35 degrees C when compared with wild type; however, lower luciferase activities were observed when they were incubated at 39.

Reemergence of enterovirus 71 in 2008 in taiwan: dynamics of genetic and antigenic evolution from 1998 to 2008.

In recent years, enterovirus 71 (EV71) has been a cause of numerous outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease, with severe neurological complications in the Asia-Pacific region. The reemergence in Taiwan of EV71 genotype B5 in 2008 resulted in the largest outbreak of EV71 in Taiwan in the past 11 years. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that dominant genotype changes from B to C or C to B occurred at least three times between 1986 and 2008.

An algorithm for the typing of enteroviruses and correlation to serotyping by viral neutralization.

Background: Human enteroviruses (HEVs) are common pathogens which cause a broad spectrum of illnesses ranging from asymptomatic infection to acute myocarditis and aseptic meningitis. The neutralization assay for serotype determination is labor-intensive and time-consuming. There is a need for a methodology that is more rapid and widely accessible.

Rhinovirus associated with severe lower respiratory tract infections in children.

Rhinovirus is a respiratory virus most typically associated with the common cold and asthma exacerbations, and has not traditionally been considered to play a major role in severe lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). As part of a surveillance program for respiratory pathogens of public health importance, children consecutively admitted to intensive care for LRTI at a large tertiary children's hospital were tested with polymerase chain reaction for 11 respiratory viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae from February 21 to October 31, 2007; 43 cases were enrolled and rhinovirus was the most frequently detected pathogen, with 21 (49%) positive. Rhinovirus cases frequently were young (median age, 1.

Co-circulating genetically divergent A2 human metapneumovirus strains among children in southern Taiwan.

An outbreak of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) among children in southern Taiwan in 2004 prompted the investigation of the molecular epidemiology of hMPV from September 2003 to August 2005. Respiratory specimens that were culture negative for a panel of respiratory viruses were examined for the presence of hMPV by RT-PCR. The results indicated that 59 out of 546 (10.

Assay for 5' noncoding region analysis of all human rhinovirus prototype strains.

Increasing recognition of the association of rhinovirus with severe lower respiratory tract illnesses has clarified the need to understand the relationship between specific serotypes of rhinovirus and their clinical consequences. To accomplish this, a specific and sensitive assay to detect and serotype rhinovirus directly from clinical specimens is needed. Traditional methods of serotyping using culture and serum neutralization are time-consuming, limited to certain reference laboratories, and complicated by the existence of over 100 serotypes of human rhinoviruses (HRVs).

Appearance of intratypic recombination of enterovirus 71 in Taiwan from 2002 to 2005.

Genetic recombination is a well-known phenomenon for enteroviruses. In this study, we determined the phylogenetic relationships of five distinct regions of the EV71 genome for 73 EV71 isolates from 1986 and from 1998 to 2005 in Taiwan. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the 5'-UTR, VP4-VP2, VP1, and 3D regions of EV71 isolated in 2004 and 2005 were grouped into genotype C.

A summer outbreak of human metapneumovirus infection in a long-term-care facility.

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), a recently discovered paramyxovirus, is thought to be primarily a winter-spring pathogen affecting young children with a clinical presentation similar to that of respiratory syncytial virus. In June-July 2006, a respiratory outbreak in a long-term-care facility was reported to the local health department and investigated. Surveillance identified 26 residents and 13 staff with acute respiratory illness; 8 residents (31%) developed radiographically confirmed pneumonia, and 2 (5%) were hospitalized.

Molecular characterization of a variant rhinovirus from an outbreak associated with uncommonly high mortality.

Background: Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the most frequent cause of acute upper respiratory tract infection, however, they are also known to replicate in the lower respiratory tract and associate with more severe respiratory illnesses. An outbreak of HRV occurred in a long-term facility in Santa Cruz, California with unusually high morbidity and mortality.

Objectives: To identify viral characteristics associated with this unique outbreak, genetic relationships between these clinical isolates (SCRVs) and prototype strains of rhinovirus were investigated.

Down-regulation of type I insulin-like growth factor receptor increases sensitivity of breast cancer cells to insulin.

The type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) and insulin receptor (IR) are structurally and functionally related heterotetrameric receptors. Activation of IGF1R has been shown to regulate breast cancer cell biology, and it has become an attractive therapeutic target. Most strategies have focused on targeting IGF1R alone without affecting IR levels given the known physiologic functions of IR.

Increasing appearance of reassortant influenza B virus in Taiwan from 2002 to 2005.

Genetic and antigenic analyses of influenza B virus field strains isolated in Taiwan from 1998 to 2005 were performed. To investigate the molecular evolution of influenza B viruses, sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA1 subunit) and neuraminidase genes was performed. All influenza B viruses isolated between 1998 and 2000 belonged to the B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage.

Rhinovirus outbreak in a long term care facility for elderly persons associated with unusually high mortality.

During a 6-week period in 2003, 56 residents and 26 staff developed respiratory illness in a long-term facility; 12 residents died. Seven of 13 respiratory specimens were culture-positive for rhinovirus; 6 of the isolates were serotype 82. In elderly populations, severe illness may be associated with organisms typically considered to be "benign," such as rhinovirus.