Risk factors in idiopathic adhesive capsulitis: a case control study.

Background: The etiology of idiopathic adhesive capsulitis (IAC) of the shoulder is poorly understood. In this case control study, we examine potential risk factors for the development of IAC.

Methods: Consecutive patients who presented to the senior author with IAC between 2000 and 2009 were included retrospectively in this case control study.

Quality of life after penile reconstruction using the radial forearm flap in adult bladder exstrophy patients - technique and outcomes.

Background: Patients who have undergone reconstruction of bladder extrophy can have an extremely short penis, which can be functionally and psychologically debilitating. Penile reconstruction with the radial forearm free flap has the potential to provide these patients with improved genital appearance and sexual function. Quality of life after penile reconstruction is an important outcome measure in evaluation of the procedure.